Editing Ghe with upturn (section)

== Usage ==

=== Belarusian ===
The letter ґ next to г is used in the so-called "[[Taraškievica]]" - the classical spelling of the Belarusian language.

An attempt to differentiate in writing the transmission of sounds /[[Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]/ and /[[Voiced velar plosive|g]]/, using along with the letter Г, г, a special letter Ґ, ґ, which differed in size and shape, took place in the history of the [[Ruthenian language|Old Belarusian language]].<ref>''[[Журавський Аркадій Йосипович|А._І._Жураўскі]]'' Гісторыя беларускай літаратурнай мовы. Т. 1.&nbsp;— Мн., 1967.</ref><ref>[https://www.bsu.by/Cache/pdf/257053.pdf Беларуская мова: хрэстоматыя: Вучэбны дапаможнік]</ref>

In A. Jelsky's publication in 1895, a new sign was introduced for the fricative /[[Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]/ inherent in the Belarusian language, in contrast to the Russian breakthrough [g]. The new letter [[г̑]] differed in contours from the letter Г, г by the presence of a diacritical mark in the form of a bracket bent downwards. In the publication of folklore and ethnographic work by A.K. Serzhputovsky in 1911, the sign Ґ, ґ with a curved upward horizontal line was proposed for the same purpose. The same sign was used in the alphabet of Kupala's collection in 1908 and became part of the alphabet approved by the first normative grammar of the Belarusian language by [[Branislaw Tarashkyevich]], only with a different purpose - to convey a sonorous soft palate breakthrough /[[Voiced velar plosive|g]]/. But in 1933 the letter Ґ, ґ, was excluded from the Belarusian alphabet, as well as from the Ukrainian one.

==== Belarusian Classical Orthography ====
'''§&nbsp;61. G''' When adopting foreign proper names, explosive /[[Voiced velar plosive|g]]/ can be transmitted through a letter '''ґ''' (“ґе”): ''Ґіём, Ґасконь'' etc.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-09-25 |title=Беларускі Клясычнырав Правапіс |url=http://pravapis.info/books/pravapis2005.html#ftn55 |access-date=2023-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925112038/http://pravapis.info/books/pravapis2005.html#ftn55 |archive-date=2009-09-25 }}</ref>

In the literary Belarusian language, an explosive sound /[[Voiced velar plosive|g]]/ (and its soft equivalent /[[Voiced velar plosive|g]]ʲ/) pronounced in Belarusian sound combinations [<nowiki/>[[Voiced alveolar fricative|z̪]][[Voiced velar plosive|g]]], [<nowiki/>[[Voiced alveolar affricate|d͡z̞]][[Voiced velar plosive|g]]], [<nowiki/>[[Voiced postalveolar affricate|d͡ʐ]][[Voiced velar plosive|g]]]: ''во[з'''ґ''']ры'', ''ма[з'''ґ’''']і'', ''ро[з'''ґ’''']і'', ''абры[з'''ґ''']лы'', ''бра[з'''ґ''']аць'', ''пляву[з'''ґ''']аць'', ''вэ[дз'''ґ''']аць'', ''[дж'''ґ''']аць'' and in a number of borrowed words: ''['''ґ''']анак'', ''['''ґ''']арсэт'', ''['''ґ''']валт'', ''['''ґ''']зымс'', ''['''ґ''']онта'', ''['''ґ''']узік'', ''а['''ґ''']рэст'', ''['''ґ’''']ер['''ґ’''']етаць'', ''цу['''ґ''']лі'', ''шва['''ґ’''']ер'' etc. This marked the beginning of the restoration in the twentieth century of the use of the letter ґ, which was used in the Old Belarusian language.

In proper names with a non-Slavic lexical basis, explosive /[[Voiced velar plosive|g]]/ is traditionally pronounced in Belarusian as fricative /[[Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]/; preservation of /[[Voiced velar plosive|g]]/ in pronunciation does not qualify as a violation of the orthoepic norm: ''['''Г''']арыбальдзі'' and ''['''Ґ''']арыбальдзі'', ''['''Г''']рэнляндыя'' and ''['''Ґ''']рэнляндыя'', ''['''Г’''']ётэ'' and ''['''Ґ’''']ётэ'', ''['''Г’''']ібральтар'' and ''['''Ґ’''']ібральтар''.

The sound [<nowiki/>[[Voiced velar plosive|g]]] in Belarusian also exists in place of etymological [<nowiki/>[[Voiced velar plosive|k]]] before voiced consonants, as a result of assimilation. This assimilation is not reflected in writing, so the letter '''к''' is used in this case: ''анэ'''к'''дот, ва'''к'''зал, па'''к'''гаўз, э'''к'''замэн, э'''к'''сгумацыя''.

=== Ukrainian ===
The letter Ґ ґ in the Ukrainian language represents the voiced velar plosive /[[Voiced velar plosive|g]]/.

It is usually [[Romanization|romanized]] as the letter ''[[g]]'' (while the letter [[Ge (Cyrillic)|Г г]] is transliterated as ''[[h]]'', and Cyrillic [[Kha (Cyrillic)|Х х]] as ''kh'' or ''ch''). Some European standards use ''ġ'' with a dot or ''g̀'' with a grave accent (see [[Preußische Instruktionen]], [[ISO 9]]).

It is still the rarest letter of the Ukrainian language, used only in a handful of native and long-borrowed words and toponyms of Ukraine.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}} Transliterations and loanwords containing this sound still use the letter Г, and may also be pronounced with /h/.

==== Current orthography ====

Source:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mon.gov.ua/storage/app/media/zagalna%20serednya/05062019-onovl-pravo.pdf|title=Український правопис 2019 року|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|language=|accessdate=}}</ref>

'''§&nbsp;6. Letter Ґ'''

1. In Ukrainian and long-borrowed/Ukrainianized words: ''а́ґрус, ґа́ва, ґа́зда́, ґандж, ґа́нок, ґату́нок, ґвалт, ґе́ґати, ґедзь, ґелґота́ти, ґелґотіти, ґерґелі, ґерґота́ти, ґерґоті́ти, ґи́ґнути, ґирли́ґа, ґлей, ґніт (in the lamp), ґо́ґель-мо́ґель, ґонт(а), ґрасува́ти, ґра́ти (noun), ґре́чний, ґринджо́ли, ґрунт, ґу́дзик, ґу́ля, ґура́льня, джиґу́н, дзи́ґа, дзи́ґлик, дриґа́ти і дри́ґати, ремиґа́ти'' etc. and in their derivatives: ''а́ґрусовий, ґаздува́ти, ґвалтува́ти, ґе́рґіт, ґратча́стий, ґрунтови́й, ґрунтува́ти(ся), ґу́дзиковий, ґу́лька, проґа́вити'' etc.

2. In proper names&nbsp;— toponyms of Ukraine: ''Ґорґа́ни'' (massif), ''Ґоро́нда'', ''У́ґля'' (villages in [[Zakarpattia Oblast|Zakarpattia]]), in the surnames of Ukrainians: ''Ґалаґа́н, Ґалято́вський, Ґе́ник, Ґерза́нич, Ґерда́н, Ґжи́цький, Ґи́ґа, Ґо́ґа, Ґо́йдич, Ґо́нта, Ґри́ґа, Ґудзь, Ґу́ла, Лома́ґа''.

'''§&nbsp;122. Sounds [g], [h]'''

1. The sound /[[Voiced velar plosive|g]]/ and similar sounds denoted by the letter g are usually transmitted by the letter г: ''аванга́рд, агіта́ція, агре́сор, бло́гер, гва́рдія, генера́л, гламу́р, гра́фік, грог, емба́рго, марке́тинг, мігра́ція; лінгві́стика, негативний, се́рфінг, синаго́га, Вахта́нг, Гарсі́я, Гайнетді́н, Ердога́н, Гвіне́я, Гольфстри́м, Гренла́ндія, Гру́зія, Ге́те, Гео́рг, Гурамішві́лі, Люксембу́рг, Магоме́т, Фольксва́ген, Чика́го''.

2. The letter ґ conveys the sound /[[Voiced velar plosive|g]]/ in long-borrowed common names, such as ''ґа́нок, ґатунок, ґвалт, ґра́ти, ґрунт'', etc. (see § 6) and their derivatives: ''ґа́нковий, ґратча́стий, ґрунто́вний'' etc.

3. In surnames and names of people it is allowed to transmit the sound /[[Voiced velar plosive|g]]/ in two ways: by adapting to the sound system of the Ukrainian language&nbsp;— with the letter г (''Вергі́лій, Гарсі́я, Ге́гель, Гео́рг, Ге́те, Грегуа́р, Гулліве́р'') and by imitating a foreign language /[[Voiced velar plosive|g]]/ — with the letter ґ (''Верґі́лій, Ґарсі́я, Ге́ґель, Ґео́рґ, Ґе́те, Ґреґуа́р, Ґулліве́р'' etc.)