Editing Ghetto (section)

== Ghettos in Europe == <!-- Linked from [[Maly Trostenets extermination camp]] -->

=== Jewish ghettos ===
{{Main|Jewish ghettos in Europe|Jewish quarter (diaspora)|Jewish emancipation}}
[[File:Frankfurt-Judengasse-1628-MkII.png|thumb|Plan of [[Jewish quarter (diaspora)|Jewish ghetto]], [[Frankfurt]], 1628]]
[[File:Frankfurt Am Main-Fay-BADAFAMNDN-Heft 21-Nr 245-1904-Die Judengasse Suedseite.jpg|thumb|Demolition of the Jewish ghetto, Frankfurt, 1868]]
The character of ghettos has varied through times. The term was used for an area known as the Jewish quarter, which meant the area of a city traditionally inhabited by Jews in the [[Jewish diaspora|diaspora]]. Jewish quarters, like the Jewish ghettos in Europe, were often the outgrowths of [[Geographical segregation|segregated]] ghettos instituted by the surrounding authorities. A Yiddish term for a Jewish quarter or neighborhood is ''Di yidishe gas'' ({{Langx|yi|די ייִדישע גאַס}}), or 'The Jewish street'. Many [[Europe]]an and [[Middle East]]ern cities once had a historical Jewish quarter.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}

Jewish ghettos in Christian Europe existed because of majority discrimination against Jews on the basis of religion, language and dated views on race: They were considered outsiders. As a result, Jews were placed under strict regulations throughout many European cities.<ref name="Pearson">[http://kpearson.faculty.tcnj.edu/Dictionary/ghetto.htm GHETTO] Kim Pearson {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224090832/http://kpearson.faculty.tcnj.edu/Dictionary/ghetto.htm |date=February 24, 2009}}</ref>

In some cases, the ghetto was a Jewish quarter with a relatively affluent population (for instance the Jewish ghetto in Venice). In other cases, ghettos were places of terrible poverty. During periods of population growth, ghettos (as [[Roman Ghetto|that of Rome]]) had narrow streets and tall, crowded houses. Residents generally were allowed to administer their own justice system based on Jewish traditions and elders.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}

==== Nazi-occupied Europe ====
{{Main|Jewish ghettos established by Nazi Germany}}
[[File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising BW.jpg|thumb|link=Warsaw Ghetto boy|Liquidation of the [[Warsaw Ghetto]], 1943]]
During [[World War II]], the [[Nazism|Nazis]] established new ghettos in numerous cities of Eastern Europe as a form of [[concentration camp]] to confine Jews and [[Romani people|Romani]] into limited areas. The Nazis most often referred to these areas in documents and signage at their entrances as "Jewish quarter." These Nazi camps sometimes coincided with traditional Jewish ghettos and Jewish quarters, but not always. On June 21, 1943, [[Heinrich Himmler]] issued a decree ordering the dissolution of all ''Jüdische Wohnbezirke''/ghettos in the East and their transference to [[Nazi concentration camps]] or their extermination.<ref>[[Yitzhak Arad|Arad]], [[Yitzhak Arad|Yitzhak]]. ''Ghetto in Flames''. pp. 436–37.</ref>

The Nazi ghettos were an essentially different institution than the historical ghettos of European society. The historical ghettos were places where Jews lived for many generations and created their own culture {{snd}}even if they were under social and political conditions of segregation and discrimination. The Nazi ghettos were part of [[The Final Solution]]; they were intended as a transitional stage{{snd}}first confine each city's Jews in one easily accessible and controllable location, then "liquidate" the ghetto and send the Jews to an extermination camp. Most Nazi ghettos were liquidated in 1943; some, such as that of [[Łódź Ghetto|Łódź]], persisted until 1944; very few, e.g. the [[Budapest Ghetto]] and the [[Theresienstadt Ghetto]], existed until the end of the war in 1945.

=== Roma ghettos ===
{{See also|List of Romani settlements}}
[[File:Lunik IX.jpg|thumb|right|Roma settlement [[Luník IX]] near [[Košice]], [[Slovakia]]]]
There are many Roma ghettos in the [[European Union]].<ref>{{cite news |date=25 December 2013 |title=The New Roma Ghettos |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-new-roma-ghettos-000519-v20n4/ |work=Vice}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=23 May 2019 |title=No voice, no future? Roma ignored as Europe goes to polls |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/may/23/no-voice-no-future-roma-ignored-as-europe-goes-to-polls |work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=6 September 2019 |title=Roma ghettos in the heart of the EU |url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2019/09/06/inenglish/1567776057_755361.html |work=[[El País]]}}</ref> The Czech government estimates that there are approximately 830 Roma ghettos in the [[Czech Republic]].<ref>{{cite news |date=15 October 2019 |title=Czech Govt report on the state of the Romani minority estimates 830 ghettos with 127, 000 inhabitants in the regions |url=http://www.romea.cz/en/news/czech/czech-govt-report-on-the-state-of-the-romani-minority-estimates-830-ghettos-with-127-000-inhabitants-in-the-regions |work=Romea.cz}}</ref>

=== In Denmark ===
{{Main|Vulnerable residential area (Denmark)}}

During the period 2010–2021,<ref name="BL">[https://bl.dk/politik-og-analyser/temaer/her-er-listen-over-parallelsamfund/ Danmarks Almene Boliger. ''Ghettolisten eller Parallelsamfundslisterne.''] (in Danish) Retrieved 28 April 2022.</ref> the word ''ghetto'' was used officially by the Danish government to describe certain officially designated vulnerable [[social housing]] areas in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |author=<!-- Not stated --> |date=May 2013 |title=UDSATTE BOLIGOMRÅDER — DE NÆSTE SKRIDT |url=https://www.ft.dk/samling/20121/almdel/UUI/bilag/102/1247356.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630133059/https://www.ft.dk/samling/20121/almdel/UUI/bilag/102/1247356.pdf |archive-date=2019-06-30 |website=ft.dk |publisher=The Immigration and Integration Affairs Committee of the Danish Parliament}} (in Danish).</ref><ref name="Reuters">{{Cite news |last=Nielson |first=Emil Gjerding |title=In Danish 'ghettos', immigrants feel stigmatized and shut out |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-denmark-immigration-widerimage/in-danish-ghettos-immigrants-feel-stigmatized-and-shut-out-idUSKCN1IU1DS |access-date=2018-07-04 |work=U.S. |language=en-US}}</ref> The designation was applied to areas based on the residents' income levels, employment status, education levels, criminal convictions and proportion of non-Western immigrants and their descendants.<ref name="NPR">{{Cite news |title=In Denmark's Plan To Rid Country Of 'Ghettos,' Some Immigrants Hear 'Go Home' |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2018/03/30/593979013/in-denmark-s-plan-to-rid-country-of-ghettos-some-immigrants-hear-go-home?t=1530707460545 |access-date=2018-07-04 |work=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="NYT">{{Cite news |last1=Barry |first1=Ellen |last2=Sorensen |first2=Martin Selsoe |date=2 July 2018 |title=In Denmark, Harsh New Laws for Immigrant 'Ghettos' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/01/world/europe/denmark-immigrant-ghettos.html |access-date=2018-07-04 |newspaper=The New York Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name="BBC">{{Cite news |date=2018-02-27 |title=Danes to double penalty for ghetto crime |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-43214596 |access-date=2018-07-04 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> The term was controversial during its period of use and was finally removed in 2021.<ref name="BL" />

In 2010, the [[Ministry of Transport (Denmark)|Danish Ministry of Transport, Building and Housing]] introduced an official listing of vulnerable social housing districts where the inhabitants fulfilled certain criteria. The list has informally and at times formally been called ''Ghettolisten'' (the 'List of Ghettos'). Since 2010, the list has been updated annually, with changes in the definition and/or terminology in 2013, 2018 and 2021.<ref name="BL" />

In 2018, the Danish government at the time, led by Prime Minister [[Lars Løkke Rasmussen]], announced its intention to "end the existence of [[Parallel society|parallel societies]] and ghettos by 2030."<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="localDK">{{Cite news |date=2018-02-28 |title=Here's what we know about Denmark's 'ghetto plan' |url=https://www.thelocal.dk/20180228/heres-what-we-know-about-denmarks-ghetto-plan |access-date=2018-07-04 |language=en}}</ref> A number of measures was introduced to solve the issue of [[Social integration|integration]], including policies like 25 hours of obligatory daycare or corresponding parent supervision per week for children in the appointed areas starting age 1, lowering social welfare for residents, incentives for reducing unemployment, demolition and rebuilding of certain tenements, rights for landlords to refuse housing to convicts, etc.<ref name="localDK" /><ref name="Time">{{Cite magazine |title=What to Know About Denmark's Plan to End Immigrant "Ghettos" |url=https://time.com/5328347/denmark-ghettos-policies/ |access-date=2018-07-04 |magazine=Time |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Reuters" /><ref name="NYT" /> The policies have been criticized for undercutting 'equality before law' and for portraying immigrants, especially Muslim immigrants, in a bad light.<ref name="NPR" /><ref>{{Cite news |title="No ghettos in 2030": Denmark's controversial plan to get rid of immigrant neighborhoods |url=https://www.vox.com/world/2018/7/3/17525960/denmark-children-immigrant-muslim-danish-ghetto |access-date=2018-07-04 |work=Vox}}</ref>

The term "ghetto" was controversial during the period of its usage, inhabitants feeling stigmatized by the wording<ref name="dybvad">{{cite news |date=8 July 2019 |title=Ny boligminister vil undgå ordet 'ghetto' |url=https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/politik/ny-boligminister-vil-undga-ordet-ghetto |access-date=28 January 2023 |publisher=[[DR (broadcaster)|DR]]}}</ref> and researchers pointing out that the areas in question were typically inhabited by 20-40 different ethnic minorities, hence being diametrically opposed to the ethnic homogeneity of the original ghettos, so that multi-ethnic residential areas would be a more appropriate term.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 October 2010 |title=Ghetto - et ord med betydning |url=https://www.b.dk/kronikker/ghetto-et-ord-med-betydning |access-date=28 January 2023 |publisher=[[Berlingske]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=1 December 2016 |title=Forsker: Udsatte boligområder kan være en fordel for integrationen |url=https://www.kristeligt-dagblad.dk/danmark/forsker-udsatte-boligomraader-kan-vaere-en-fordel-integrationen |access-date=28 January 2023 |publisher=[[Kristeligt Dagblad]]}}</ref>

In June 2019 a new [[Social Democrats (Denmark)|social democratic]] [[Frederiksen I Cabinet|government]] was formed in Denmark, with [[Kaare Dybvad]] becoming housing minister. He stated that the new government would stop using the word "ghetto" for vulnerable housing areas, as it was both imprecise and derogatory.<ref>[https://politiken.dk/debat/art7298118/Her-er-hadeordene-der-skal-d%C3%B8-sammen-med-ghetto Politiken. ''Fem debattører: Her er hadeordene, der skal dø sammen med 'ghetto'.''] (in Danish)</ref> In a 2021 reform, the name was finally removed in legal texts by Parliament. Instead, a new category called "parallel societies" was instituted.<ref name="BL" />

=== In France ===
In [[France]], a ''[[banlieue]]'' ({{IPA|fr|bɑ̃ljø|lang}}) is a suburb of a large [[city]]. Banlieues are divided into autonomous administrative entities and do not constitute part of the [[city proper]]. For instance, 80% of the inhabitants of the [[Paris metropolitan area|Paris area]] live outside the city of [[Paris]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://parisbynumbers.com/2008/04/28/paris-suburbs-les-banlieues/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029203928/http://parisbynumbers.com/2008/04/28/paris-suburbs-les-banlieues/ |archive-date=2013-10-29 |access-date=2013-08-14}}</ref> Like the city centre, suburbs may be rich, middle-class or poor&nbsp;— [[Versailles, Yvelines|Versailles]], [[Le Vésinet]], [[Maisons-Laffitte]] and [[Neuilly-sur-Seine]] are affluent banlieues of [[Paris]], while [[Clichy-sous-Bois]], [[Bondy]] and [[Corbeil-Essonnes]] are less so. However, since the 1970s, ''banlieues'' increasingly means, in [[French of France]], low-income housing projects ([[HLM]]s) in which mainly [[Immigration to France|foreign immigrants]] and French of foreign descent reside, often in perceived [[Cycle of poverty|poverty traps]].<ref>Lepoutre, David. ''Coeur de banlieue: codes, rites, et langages''. Odile Jacob, 1997.</ref>

=== In the United Kingdom ===
The existence of [[ethnic enclave]]s in the [[United Kingdom]] is [[White flight#United Kingdom|controversial]]. [[Southall|Southall Broadway]], a predominantly [[British Asian|Asian]] area in [[Greater London]], where less than 12 percent of the population is [[White British|white]], has been cited as an example of a 'ghetto', but in reality the area is home to a number of different [[ethnic group]]s and [[Religion in the United Kingdom|religious groups]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Browne |first=Anthony |date=May 5, 2004 |title=We cant run away from it white flight is here too |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/us-world/article/we-cant-run-away-from-it-white-flight-is-here-too-6mh6wpbz56v |access-date=May 3, 2010 |work=[[The Times]] |location=London}}</ref><ref>Kerr, Joe, and Andrew Gibson, eds. 2003. ''London from Punk to Blair''. London: [[Reaktion Books]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=1lTKo19z0yAC&q=+Ghetto&pg=PA53 pp. 51, 53, 55, 69, 378].</ref>

Analysis of data from [[2001 United Kingdom census|Census 2001]] revealed that only two [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|wards]] in [[England and Wales]], both in [[Birmingham]], had one dominant non-white ethnic group comprising more than two-thirds of the local population, but there were 20 wards where [[White people|whites]] were a minority making up less than a third of the local population.<ref>Bains, Baljit. October 2005. "[https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/17782654/patterns-of-ethnic-segregation-in-london-pdf-londongovuk- Patterns of Ethnic Segregation in London]." ''Data Management and Analysis Briefing'' 2005 (38). UK: [[Greater London Authority]]. Available as [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930211639/http://www.london.gov.uk/gla/publications/factsandfigures/dmag-briefing-2005-38.rtf Word document]. {{ISSN|1479-7879}}. Retrieved 19 July 2020. p. 3.</ref><ref>Shepherd, Anne. "[http://www.lse.ac.uk/social-policy/research/Research-clusters/british-society-for-population-studies/about About]." ''[[British Society for Population Studies]]''. UK: [[London School of Economics and Political Science]]. Retrieved 19 July 2020.</ref> By 2001, two London boroughs—[[London Borough of Newham|Newham]] and [[London Borough of Brent|Brent]]—had "[[Majority minority|minority majority]]" populations, and most parts of the city tend to have a diverse population.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}

Historically, some parts of London have long been noted for the prevalence of a particular ethnic or religious group (such as the Jewish communities of [[Golders Green]] and other parts of the [[London Borough of Barnet]], and the West Indian community of [[Notting Hill]]), but in each case these populations have been part of a broader multicultural population. In the late 19th and early 20th century, the [[East End]] of London was also noted for its Jewish population, but now has a significant [[British Bangladeshi]] populace.<ref>"[https://jewishmuseum.org.uk/50-objects/theme/east-end/ 50 Objects: 'London's East End']," ''jewishmuseum.org.uk''. Retrieved 18 October 2021.</ref>

==== In Northern Ireland ====
{{Multiple image
| direction         = vertical
| width             = 200
| image1            = Belfast peaceline Bombay Street.jpg
| caption1          = A "peace line" in [[Belfast]], seen from the Irish nationalist/republican side. The small back row of houses are protected by cages as missiles are sometimes thrown from the other side.
| image2            = Sandy Row mural, Belfast.jpg
| caption2          = [[Murals in Northern Ireland|Mural]] at the edge of a loyalist ghetto in Belfast
}}

In [[Northern Ireland]], towns and cities have long been [[Segregation in Northern Ireland|segregated along ethnic, religious and political lines]]. The two main communities of Northern Ireland are:

# the [[Irish nationalism|Irish nationalist]]-[[Irish republicanism|republican]] community, who mainly self-identify as [[Irish people|Irish]] or [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]; and
# the [[Unionism in Ireland|unionist]]-[[Ulster loyalism|loyalist]] community, who mainly self-identify as [[British people|British]] or [[Protestantism in Ireland|Protestant]].

Ghettos emerged in [[Belfast]] during the [[riot]]s that accompanied the [[Irish War of Independence]]. For safety, people fled to areas where their community was the majority. Many more ghettos emerged after the [[1969 Northern Ireland riots|1969 riots]] and beginning of the "[[The Troubles|Troubles]]." In August 1969 the [[British Army]] was deployed to restore order and separate the two sides. The government built barriers called "[[peace lines]]." Many of the ghettos came under the control of [[paramilitary|paramilitaries]] such as the (republican) [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]] and the (loyalist) [[Ulster Defence Association]]. One of the most notable ghettos was [[Free Derry]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-31 |title=History Battle of the Bogside |url=http://www.museumoffreederry.org/history-battle01.html |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731031114/http://www.museumoffreederry.org/history-battle01.html |archive-date=2015-07-31 |access-date=2017-04-17 |website=The Museum of Free Derry}}</ref>