Editing Glocalization (section)

==History of the concept==
The concept comes from the Japanese word ''dochakuka'', which means global localization. It had referred to the adaptation of farming techniques to local conditions. It became a [[buzzword]] when Japanese business adopted it in the 1980s.<ref>Habibul Haque Khondker, "Glocalization as Globalization: Evolution of a Sociological Concept," ''Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology''. Vol. 1. No. 2. July, 2004 [https://web.archive.org/web/20051210071702/http://www.bangladeshsociology.org/Habib%20-%20Glocalization.htm]</ref> The word stems from Manfred Lange,<ref>[http://www.cyi.ac.cy/user/25] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913015844/http://www.cyi.ac.cy/user/25|date=September 13, 2011}}</ref> head of the German National Global Change Secretariat,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uni-muenster.de/Umweltforschung/lange.htm |title=Prof. Lange |publisher=Uni-muenster.de |access-date=2013-09-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726115304/http://www.uni-muenster.de/Umweltforschung/lange.htm |archive-date=2011-07-26 }}</ref> who used "glocal" in reference to [[Heiner Benking]]'s exhibit ''Blackbox Nature: [[Rubik's Cube]] of [[Ecology]]'' at an international science and policy conference.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://benking.de/Global-Change/spatial-spacial.html |title=On dialogue, knowledge, creativity, (cyber)culture, learning, wholeness |publisher=Benking.de |access-date=2013-09-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://benking.de/Global-Change/system-earth-posters.html |title=Section: System Earth from the exhibition GLOBAL CHANGE: Challenges to Science and Politics – Welt im Wandel – Herausforderungen für Wissenschaft und Politik |publisher=Benking.de |date=2010-04-28 |access-date=2013-09-03}}</ref>

"Glocalization" first appeared in a late 1980s publication of the ''[[Harvard Business Review]]''. At a 1997 conference on "Globalization and Indigenous Culture", sociologist [[Roland Robertson]] stated that glocalization "means the simultaneity – the co-presence – of both universalizing and particularizing tendencies".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/glocalization|title=What is glocalization? – Definition from WhatIs.com|publisher=Searchcio.techtarget.com|access-date=2013-09-03}}</ref>

The term entered use in the English-speaking world via Robertson in the 1990s, Canadian sociologists [[Keith Hampton]] and [[Barry Wellman]] in the late 1990s<ref>Barry Wellman and Keith Hampton, "Living Networked On and Offline" ''Contemporary Sociology'' 28, 6 (Nov, 1999): 648–654.</ref> and [[Zygmunt Bauman]].<ref>Hampton, Keith and B Wellman. 2002. "The Not So Global Village of Netville", in [[Barry Wellman]] and [[Caroline Haythornthwaite]] (eds), ''The Internet in Everyday Life'', Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 345–371.</ref> [[Erik Swyngedouw]] was another early adopter.<ref>Soja, Edward W. ''Postmetroplis: Critical Studies of Cities and Regions'' (Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2000), 199–200.</ref>

Since the 1990s, glocalization has been productively theorized by several [[Sociology|sociologists]] and other social scientists,<ref>Roudometof, Victor (2016). ''Glocalization: A Critical Introduction'' (New York: Routledge).</ref> and may be understood as a process that combines the concerns of localism<ref>Evans, Mark; David Marsh & Gerry Stoker (2013). "Understanding localism". ''Policy Studies'', 34:4, 401–407, {{doi|10.1080/01442872.2013.822699}}.</ref> with the forces of globalization, or a local adaptation and interpretation of global forces. As a theoretical framework, it is compatible with many of the concerns of [[Postcolonial Theory|postcolonial theory]],<ref>Go, J. (2016). ''Postcolonial Thought and Social Theory'' (New York: Oxford University Press).</ref> and its impact is particularly recognizable in the [[digitization]] of music<ref>Hebert, D. G. & Rykowski, M. (Eds.), ''Music Glocalization: Heritage and Innovation in a Digital Age'' (Cambridge Scholars, 2018).</ref> and other forms of cultural heritage.<ref>Cameron, F., & S. Kenderdine (2007). ''Theorizing Digital Cultural heritage: A Critical Discourse''. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.{{ISBN?}}{{page?|date=July 2023}}</ref> The concept has since been used in the fields of geography, sociology, and anthropology.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=European Glocalization in Global Context|last=Robertson|first=R.|date=2014|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0230390799|location=Hampshire, UK|pages=16}}</ref> It is also a prominent concept in business studies, particularly in the area of marketing goods and services to a heterogenous set of consumers.<ref name=":3" />