Editing Gothic Revival architecture (section)

==Survival and revival==
[[File:Tom Tower, Christ Church 2004-01-21.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|[[Tom Tower]], Oxford, by [[Christopher Wren|Sir Christopher Wren]] 1681–1682, to match the Tudor surroundings]]

[[Gothic architecture]] began at the [[Basilica of Saint Denis]] near Paris, and the [[Cathedral of Sens]] in 1140{{sfn|Furneaux Jordan|1979|p=127}} and ended with a last flourish in the early 16th century with buildings like [[Henry VII Lady Chapel|Henry&nbsp;VII's Chapel]] at Westminster.{{sfn|Furneaux Jordan|1979|p=163}} However, Gothic architecture did not die out completely in the 16th century but instead lingered in on-going cathedral-building projects; at [[Oxford University|Oxford]] and [[Cambridge University|Cambridge]] Universities, and in the construction of churches in increasingly isolated rural districts of England, France, Germany, the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] and in Spain.{{sfn|Furneaux Jordan|1979|p=165}}

=== Britain and Ireland ===
[[St Columb's Cathedral]], in [[Derry]], may be considered 'Gothic Survival', as it was completed in 1633 in a [[Perpendicular Gothic]] style.<ref>{{cite web|first =Bob|last = Hunter |url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/plantation/transcripts/pa01_t06.shtml |title =Londonderry Cathedral| publisher = BBC|website =Wars & Conflict: The Plantation of Ulster|date = 18 September 2014}}</ref> Similarly, Gothic architecture survived in some urban settings during the later 17th century, as shown in [[Oxford]] and [[Cambridge]], where some additions and repairs to Gothic buildings were considered to be more in keeping with the style of the original structures than contemporary [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]].{{sfn|Sherwood|Pevsner|2002|pp=110–111}}

In contrast, [[Dromore Cathedral]], built in 1660/1661, immediately after the end of [[the Protectorate]], revived [[Early English architecture|Early English]] forms, demonstrating the restitution of the monarchy and claiming Ireland for the English crown.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apps.communities-ni.gov.uk/Buildings/buildview.aspx?id=16842&js=false|title= Northern Ireland – Historic Building Details HB17/15/022 A, Dromore Cathedral|publisher=Department of Communities - NI Government|access-date=17 August 2023}}</ref> At the same time, the Great Hall of [[Lambeth Palace]], that had been despoiled by the [[Puritans]], was rebuilt in a mixture of Baroque and older Gothic forms, demonstrating the restitution of the Anglican Church.<ref>{{NHLE|num=1116399|desc=Lambeth Palace|grade=I|access-date=17 August 2023}}</ref> These two buildings can be said to herald the onset of Gothic Revival architecture, several decades before it became mainstream. [[Christopher Wren|Sir Christopher Wren]]'s [[Tom Tower]] for [[Christ Church, Oxford|Christ Church]], [[University of Oxford]], consciously set out to imitate [[Thomas Wolsey|Cardinal Wolsey's]] architectural style. Writing to [[John Fell (bishop)|Dean Fell]] in 1681, he noted; "I resolved it ought to be Gothic to agree with the Founder's work", adding that to do otherwise would lead to "an unhandsome medley". [[Pevsner Architectural Guides|Pevsner]] suggests that he succeeded "to the extent that innocent visitors never notice the difference". It was followed in 1697–1704 by the rebuilding of [[Collegiate Church of St Mary, Warwick|Collegiate Church of St Mary]] in [[Warwick]] as a stone-vaulted [[hall church]], whereas the burnt church had been a [[basilica]] with timbered roofs. Also in [[Warwickshire]], in 1729/30, the nave and aisles of the church of St Nicholas at [[Alcester]] were rebuilt by Edward and Thomas Woodward, the exterior in Gothic forms but with a [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] interior.<ref>{{NHLE|num=1200612|desc=Church of St Nicholas, Alcester|grade=I|access-date=17 August 2023}}</ref> At the same time, 1722–1746, [[Nicholas Hawksmoor]] added the west towers to [[Westminster Abbey]], which made him a pioneer of Gothic Revival completions of medieval buildings,{{sfn|Macaulay|1975|p=31}} which from the late 19th century were increasingly disapproved of, although work in this style continued into the 20th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/eugene-emmanuel-viollet-le-duc/2-vezelay-et-le-gothique-comme-acte-constructif/|title=Vézelay et le gothique comme acte constructif|language=French|publisher=Universalis.fr|access-date=17 August 2023}}</ref> Back in Oxford, the redecoration of the  dining hall at [[University College, Oxford|University College]] between 1766 and 1768 has been described as "the first major example of the Gothic Revival style in Oxford".{{efn|The driver of the redecoration at University College was Sir [[Roger Newdigate]], who also undertook the "Gothicisation" of his Warwickshire country house, [[Arbury Hall]], over the course of 50 years in the later half of the 18th century.<ref>{{NHLE|num=1185222|desc=Arbury Hall|grade=!|access-date=20 August 2023}}</ref>}}{{sfn|Cox|2012|p=117}}

=== Continental Europe ===
[[File:Zdar Zelena hora 19.jpg|right|thumb|[[Pilgrimage Church of Saint John of Nepomuk]] by [[Jan Santini Aichel|Johann Santini Aichel]] (around 1720), [[Czech Republic]], historic [[Moravia]]]]
Throughout France in the 16th and 17th centuries, churches continued to be built following Gothic principles (structure of the buildings, application of tracery) such as [[Saint-Eustache, Paris|St-Eustache]] (1532–1640, façade 1754) in Paris and [[Orléans Cathedral]] (1601–1829). This newer construction incorporated some little changes like the use of round arches instead of pointed arches and the application of some Classical details, until largely being replaced in new construction with the arrival of Baroque architecture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.parisinfo.com/paris-museum-monument/71305/Eglise-Saint-Eustache|title=Église Saint-Eustache|publisher=Paris tourist office|access-date=6 May 2020}}</ref>

In [[Bologna]], in 1646, the [[Baroque]] architect [[Carlo Rainaldi]] constructed [[Vault (architecture)|Gothic vaults]] (completed 1658) for the [[Basilica of San Petronio]] in Bologna, which had been under construction since 1390; there, the Gothic context of the structure overrode considerations of the current architectural mode. Similarly, in [[St. Salvator's Cathedral]] of [[Bruges]], the timbered medieval vaults of nave and choir were replaced by "Gothic" stone vaults in 1635 resp. 1738/39. [[Guarino Guarini]], a 17th-century Theatine monk active primarily in [[Turin]], recognized the "Gothic order" as one of the primary systems of architecture and made use of it in his practice.<ref name="EB2018">{{Cite web |title=Guarino Guarini : Italian architect, priest, mathematician, and theologian |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=n.d. |access-date=7 September 2018 |url= https://www.britannica.com/biography/Guarino-Guarini }}</ref>

Even in [[Central Europe]] of the late 17th and 18th centuries, where Baroque dominated, some architects continued to use elements of the Gothic style. The most important example is [[Jan Santini Aichel|Johann Santini Aichel]], whose [[Pilgrimage Church of Saint John of Nepomuk]] in [[Žďár nad Sázavou]], Czech Republic, represents a peculiar and creative synthesis of Baroque and Gothic.<ref name="santini">{{cite web |url = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/690 |title = Pilgrimage Church of St. John of Nepomuk at Zelená Hora |website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher = United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization|access-date=24 February 2023}}</ref> An example of another and less striking use of the Gothic style in the time is the [[Basilica of Our Lady of Hungary]] in [[Márianosztra]], Hungary, whose choir (adjacent to a Baroque nave) was long considered authentically Gothic, because the 18th-century architect used medieval shapes to emphasize the continuity of the monastic community with its 14th-century founders.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nagy |first=Gergely Domonkos |date=2013 |title=Gothicized buildings and the role of symbols in Baroque architecture |url=https://pp.bme.hu/ar/article/view/7396 |journal=Periodica Polytechnica Architecture |language=en |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=69–76 |doi=10.3311/PPar.7396 |issn=1789-3437|doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Romantic challenges ===
During the mid-18th century rise of [[Romanticism]], an increased interest and awareness of the [[Middle Ages in history|Middle Ages]] among influential connoisseurs created a more appreciative approach to selected [[medieval]] arts, beginning with church architecture, the tomb monuments of royal and noble personages, stained glass, and late Gothic illuminated manuscripts. Other Gothic arts, such as tapestries and metalwork, continued to be disregarded as barbaric and crude, however sentimental and nationalist associations with historical figures were as strong in this early revival as purely aesthetic concerns.{{sfn|Aldrich|2005|p=140}}

{{multiple image|perrow = 3|total_width=350|align=left
| image1 = Strawberry Hill House 4 (29886640996).jpg
| image2 = Strawberry Hill House Interior 10 (29814548012).jpg
| footer = [[Strawberry Hill House]], [[Twickenham]], London; 1749 by [[Horace Walpole]] (1717–1797). "The seminal house of the Gothic Revival in England", it established the "Strawberry Hill Gothic" style{{sfn|Chalcraft|Viscardi|2007|p=7}}}}

[[German Romanticism|German Romanticists]] (including philosopher and writer [[Goethe]] and architect [[Karl Friedrich Schinkel]]), began to appreciate the [[picturesque]] character of ruins—"picturesque" becoming a new aesthetic quality—and those mellowing effects of time that the Japanese call ''[[wabi-sabi]]'' and that [[Horace Walpole]] independently admired, mildly tongue-in-cheek, as "the true rust of the Barons' wars".{{efn|This was Walpole's appraisal of the sham castle at [[Hagley Park, Worcestershire]] designed by his friend, [[Sanderson Miller]].{{sfn|Brooks|Pevsner|2007|p=339}}}}{{sfn|Brooks|Pevsner|2007|p=339}} The "Gothick" details of Walpole's Twickenham villa, [[Strawberry Hill House]] begun in 1749, appealed to the [[rococo]] tastes of the time,{{efn|Tours of the house, conducted by Walpole's housekeeper, Margaret Young, proved hugely popular. Walpole wrote to a friend; "I am so tormented by droves of people coming to see my house, and Margaret gets such sums of money by showing it, that I have a mind to marry her".{{sfn|Chalcraft|Viscardi|2007|p=20}}}}<ref>{{NHLE|desc=Strawberry Hill (St Mary's Training College)|num=1261987|grade=I|access-date=6 May 2020}}</ref> and were fairly quickly followed by James Talbot at [[Lacock Abbey]], Wiltshire.<ref>{{NHLE|desc=Lacock Abbey with Stable Yard|num=1283853|grade=I|access-date=6 May 2020}}</ref> By the 1770s, thoroughly neoclassical architects such as [[Robert Adam]] and [[James Wyatt]] were prepared to provide Gothic details in drawing-rooms, libraries and chapels and, for William Beckford at [[Fonthill Abbey|Fonthill]] in Wiltshire, a complete romantic vision of a Gothic abbey.{{efn|Alfred's Hall, built by [[Allen Bathurst, 1st Earl Bathurst|Lord Bathurst]] on his [[Cirencester Park (country house)|Cirencester Park]] estate between 1721 and 1732 in homage to [[Alfred the Great]],<ref>{{NHLE|num=1298719|desc=Alfreds Hall, Cirencester Park|grade=II*|access-date=2 May 2020}}</ref> is perhaps the earliest Gothic Revival structure in England.{{sfn|Charlesworth|2002a|p=14}}}}{{sfn|Aldrich|2005|pp=82–83}}

Some of the earliest architectural examples of the revived are found in Scotland. [[Inveraray Castle]], constructed from 1746 for the [[Archibald Campbell, 3rd Duke of Argyll|Duke of Argyll]], with design input from [[William Adam (architect)|William Adam]], displays the incorporation of turrets.{{efn|The little-researched [[Clearwell Castle]] in Gloucestershire, by [[Roger Morris (1695–1749)|Roger Morris]] who also undertook work at [[Inveraray Castle|Inveraray]], has been described as "the earliest Gothick Revival castle in England".{{sfn|Verey|Brooks|2002|pp=310-311}}}} The architectural historian John Gifford writes that the castellations were the "symbolic assertion of the still quasi-feudal power [the duke] exercised over the inhabitants within his heritable jurisdictions".{{sfn|Gifford|1989|p=161}} Most buildings were still largely in the established [[Palladian]] style, but some houses incorporated external features of the Scots baronial style. Robert Adam's houses in this style include [[Mellerstain]]{{sfn|Cruft|Dunbar|Fawcett|2006|p=529}} and [[Wedderburn Castle|Wedderburn]]{{sfn|Cruft|Dunbar|Fawcett|2006|p=744}} in Berwickshire and [[Seton Castle]] in East Lothian,{{sfn|McWilliam|1978|pp=428–431}} but it is most clearly seen at [[Culzean Castle]], Ayrshire, remodelled by Adam from 1777.{{sfn|Whyte|Whyte|1991|p=100}} The eccentric landscape designer [[Batty Langley]] even attempted to "improve" Gothic forms by giving them classical proportions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.twickenham-museum.org.uk/detail.php?aid=15&cid=10&ctid=1|title=Batty Langley, gardener and prolific writer|publisher=Twickenham Museum|website=www.twickenham-museum.org.uk|access-date=6 May 2020}}</ref>

[[File:Basilica of Saint Clotilde Sanctuary, Paris, France - Diliff.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.4|Basilica of Sainte Clotilde Sanctuary, Paris, France]]

A younger generation, taking Gothic architecture more seriously, provided the readership for John Britton's series ''Architectural Antiquities of Great Britain'', which began appearing in 1807.{{sfn|Macaulay|1975|p=174}} In 1817, [[Thomas Rickman]] wrote an ''Attempt...'' to name and define the sequence of Gothic styles in English ecclesiastical architecture, "a text-book for the architectural student". Its long antique title is descriptive: ''Attempt to discriminate the styles of English architecture from the Conquest to the Reformation; preceded by a sketch of the Grecian and Roman orders, with notices of nearly five hundred English buildings''. The categories he used were [[Norman architecture|Norman]], [[Early English Period|Early English]], [[Decorated Gothic|Decorated]], and [[Perpendicular Period|Perpendicular]]. It went through numerous editions, was still being republished by 1881, and has been reissued in the 21st century.{{efn|[[Thomas Rickman]] trained as an accountant and his posthumous famed rested on his antiquarian researches, rather than his considerable corpus of buildings, which were disparaged as the creations of a "self-taught" architect. It was only towards the end of his life, and after, that the position of architect was recognised as a profession, with the establishment of the [[Royal Institute of British Architects|Institute of British Architects]] in 1834 and the [[Architectural Association School of Architecture|Architectural Association]] in 1847.{{sfn|Aldrich|2019|p=25}}}}{{sfn|Rickman|1848|p=47}}

The most common use for Gothic Revival architecture was in the building of churches. Major examples of Gothic cathedrals in the U.S. include the cathedrals of [[Cathedral of St. John the Divine|St. John the Divine]] and [[St. Patrick's Cathedral (Manhattan)|St. Patrick]] in New York City and the [[Washington National Cathedral]] on Mount St. Alban in northwest [[Washington, D.C.]] One of the biggest churches in Gothic Revival style in Canada is the [[Basilica of Our Lady Immaculate]] in [[Guelph|Guelph, Ontario]].<ref name=Shannon>{{cite web |author=Shannon Kyles|title=Gothic Revival (1750–1900) |publisher=Ontario Architecture|url=http://www.ontarioarchitecture.com/gothicrevival.html|access-date=6 May 2020}}</ref>

Gothic Revival architecture remained one of the most popular and long-lived of the many [[Revivalism (architecture)|revival styles of architecture]]. Although it began to lose force and popularity after the third quarter of the 19th century in commercial, residential and industrial fields, some buildings such as churches, schools, colleges and universities were still constructed in the Gothic style, often known as "Collegiate Gothic", which remained popular in England, Canada and in the United States until well into the early to mid-20th century. Only when new materials, like steel and glass along with concern for function in everyday working life and saving space in the cities, meaning the need to build up instead of out, began to take hold did the Gothic Revival start to disappear from popular building requests.<ref name=EB>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] Online |title=Gothic Revival |access-date=8 October 2013 |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/239789/Gothic-Revival }}</ref>