Editing Ground-level power supply (section)

==Modern systems==
[[File:Bordeaux-tram-aps-near-Roustaing.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bordeaux tramway]] equipped with Alstom APS ground-level power supply, 2006]]
A number of ground-level power supply systems were developed from the 1970s through the 1990s,<ref>{{citation |url=https://trb.org/publications/circulars/ec058/15_02_Swanson.pdf |title=Light Rail Without Wires - A Dream Come True? |author=John D Swanson |publisher=[[Transportation Research Board]] |section=Ground level switched contact systems |year=2003}}</ref> but were not reliable or safe enough for commercial use.<ref>{{citation |pages=11–12 |url=https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/156516/Mn-DOT1994-03.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Evaluation of the E-TRAN Vehicle Propulsion Concept |author=Michael P. Hennessey |date=January 1994 |publisher=[[Minnesota Department of Transportation]]}}</ref> 

The first ground-level power supply system developed to modern safety standards was the [[#Ansaldo Stream|Ansaldo Stream]],<ref name="Baggs" /> although a competing system, [[#Alstom APS|Alstom APS]], was the first to be commercially implemented in 2003. This success led to a proliferation of commercial implementations of ground-level power supply systems.<ref>{{citation |author=John D. Swanson |url=https://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/Conferences/2019/LRT/JohnSwanson.pdf |website=[[Transportation Research Board]] |title=Continued Advances in Light Rail / Streetcar Vehicle Off-Wire Technology |date=April 7, 2019}}</ref> 

Advancements in technology in the late 2010s led to ground-level power supplies seeing increasing reliability and economic feasibility.<ref>{{citation| author=Guerrieri, M. |title=Catenary-Free Tramway Systems: Functional and Cost–Benefit Analysis for a Metropolitan Area. |journal=Urban Rail Transit |issue=5 |pages=289–309 |year=2019 |doi=10.1007/s40864-019-00118-y|doi-access=free |hdl=11572/246245 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

===Electric road systems===
==== Sweden ====
{{See also|Swedish Transport Administration electric road program}}
{{anchor|Elways}}[[File:Elways electric truck dynamic charging electric road eRoadArlanda project 2019-05-16.jpg|thumb|right|Electric truck driving on a public road with Elways-Evias ground-level power supply, near [[Stockholm Arlanda Airport]], 2019.]]
[[Electric road]]s power and charge [[electric vehicle]]s while driving. Sweden has tested electric road systems that charge the batteries of trucks and [[electric cars]], and among the tested systems are two ground-level power supply systems tested since 2017, in-road rail by Elways-Evias and on-road rail by Elonroad.<ref name="TRL">{{citation|url=https://trl.co.uk/sites/default/files/PIARC%20ERS%20Academy%20Report%20PPR875_Final%20Version.pdf|title=Electric Road Systems: a solution for the future|author1=D Bateman|author2=D Leal|display-authors=1|publisher=[[Transport Research Laboratory|TRL]]|date=October 8, 2018|pages=146–149|access-date=June 30, 2021|archive-date=August 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803034309/https://trl.co.uk/sites/default/files/PIARC%20ERS%20Academy%20Report%20PPR875_Final%20Version.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Elonroad later developed an in-road rail system for highway use at speeds up to {{convert|130|km/h|mph}}.<ref name="Corot2023"/> The systems were found to be more economical than the tested overhead line system and [[Inductive charging#Dynamic charging|dynamic inductive charging]] system. The in-road rail system is planned to deliver up to 800&nbsp;kW per vehicle traveling over a powered segment of the rail, and the system is estimated to be the most cost-effective among the four tested systems. The new systems are expected to be safe, with segments of the rail being powered only when a vehicle is traveling over them.<ref name="trafikverket-2021-02-01">{{citation |url=https://www.trafikverket.se/om-oss/pressrum/pressmeddelanden/Nationellt/2021/2021-02/trafikverket-rekommenderar-elvag-i-kombination-med-stationar-laddning/ |title=Analysera förutsättningar och planera för en utbyggnad av elvägar |publisher=[[Swedish Transport Administration]] |date=February 2, 2021|pages=21–23, 25–26, 54}}</ref> The rails have been tested while submerged in salt water and were found to be safe for pedestrians.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/apr/12/worlds-first-electrified-road-for-charging-vehicles-opens-in-sweden|title=World's first electrified road for charging vehicles opens in Sweden| work=[[The Guardian]]|author=Daniel Boffey|date=April 12, 2018}}</ref>

==== France ====
{{See also|Transport in France#Electric roads}}
The co-director for one of the French Ministry of Ecology working groups on electric road systems stated that rail-based ERS are the most advantageous, though the specific rail technology has yet to be standardized. France plans to invest 30 to 40 billion euro by 2035 in an electric road system spanning 8,800 kilometers. Ground-level power supply technologies are considered the most likely candidates for electric roads.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.lemoniteur.fr/article/mobilite-electrique-2-5-une-fenetre-etroite-pour-brancher-les-autoroutes.2203237 |title=Sur les routes de la mobilité électrique |author=Laurent Miguet |date=April 28, 2022 |website=[[Le Moniteur des travaux publics et du bâtiment|Le Moniteur]]}}</ref> Two projects for assessment of electric road technologies have been announced in 2023. The first French public road with an electric road system is planned to open in 2024 using a ground-level power supply system derived from [[#Alstom APS|Alstom APS]].<ref name="Pastre2023" /> The second, with technology developed by Elonroad, is scheduled to undergo laboratory testing for [[Skid (automobile)|skid]] effects on [[motorcycle]]s before being deployed along two kilometers on the [[A10 autoroute]] south of Paris.<ref name="Corot2023">{{citation |url=https://www.usinenouvelle.com/editorial/l-instant-tech-vinci-teste-la-recharge-par-induction-et-par-rail-sur-autoroute.N2158317 |title=Vinci teste la recharge par induction et par rail sur autoroute |author=Léna Corot |date=August 30, 2023 |website=L'USINENOUVELLE.com}}</ref>

===Standardization===
[[Alstom]], Elonroad, and other companies have, in 2020, begun drafting a standard for ground-level power supply electric roads.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I5xdJMoz_WA  |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/I5xdJMoz_WA |archive-date=December 22, 2021 |url-status=live|title=Electric Road Systems - PIARC Online Discussion |author=[[PIARC]] |date=February 17, 2021 |at=34 minutes 34 seconds, 2 hours 36 minutes 51 seconds}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://ri.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1540005/FULLTEXT01.pdf |title=Key Messages on Electric Roads - Executive Summary from the CollERS Project |date=March 26, 2021 |accessdate=February 11, 2022 |editor=Martin G. H. Gustavsson |website=CollERS |page=6}}</ref> The [[European Commission]] published in 2021 a request for regulation and standardization of electric road systems.<ref>{{citation| url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52021PC0559&from=EN |title=Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure, and repealing Directive 2014/94/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council |date=July 14, 2021 |author=[[European Commission]]}}</ref> Shortly afterward, a working group of the [[Ministry of the Ecological Transition (France)|French Ministry of Ecology]] recommended adopting a European electric road standard formulated with Sweden, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Poland, and others.<ref name="FR-1">{{citation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021080727/https://www.ecologie.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/GT1%20rapport%20final.pdf |archive-date=October 21, 2021 |url=https://www.ecologie.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/GT1%20rapport%20final.pdf |title=Système de route électrique. Groupe de travail n°1 |author=Patrick Pélata |display-authors=etal | date=July 2021}}</ref>

A standard for on-board electrical equipment for a vehicle powered by a rail electric road system (ERS) was approved and published in late 2022.<ref name="TS50717">{{citation |url=https://standardsdevelopment.bsigroup.com/projects/2020-03529 |title=PD CLC/TS 50717 Technical Requirements for Current Collectors for ground-level feeding system on road vehicles in operation |website=[[BSI Group|The British Standards Institution]] |year=2022 |accessdate=January 2, 2023 |archive-date=January 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102072415/https://standardsdevelopment.bsigroup.com/projects/2020-03529}}</ref> The standard, [[European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization|CENELEC]] Technical Standard 50717, specifies the following: an ERS voltage of 750 volts; a contact shoe capable of withstanding impact of gravel and similar road debris at the maximum operating speed; a weak link that breaks off the current collector at the structural fixing points if the force is larger than the maximum specified by the vehicle manufacturer; automatic monitoring of the presence of ERS infrastructure; automatic engagement and disengagement; a presence signal that may be analog or digital, and optional standard bidirectional communication; ease of inspection and replacement for the wearing parts of the sliding contact; and standard tests, markings, maintenance, and operational environment conditions.<ref name="50717-2022">{{citation |title=CENELEC Technical Standard 50717, CLC/TS 50717:2022 (E). Technical Requirements for Current Collectors for ground-level feeding system on road vehicles in operation}}</ref> The 50717 standard does not encompass, but specifies for [[Normativity#Standards documents|normative]] purposes, three architectures for ERS infrastructure: Type A architecture with two parallel surface-level conductive rails, one positive and one negative; Type B architecture with a single surface-level or raised track with short segments where each two segments in series consist of one positive and one negative segment; and Type C architecture with three parallel conductive rails, one positive and one negative below surface level in 1.5&nbsp;cm wide channels, and one or more rails [[Ground (electricity)|earthed]] at surface level.<ref name="50717-2022" />

A complete power and communication standard for a unified and interoperable solution for ground-level power supply through embedded rails for road vehicles<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.snv.ch/files/content/documents/News%20und%20Newslettertexte/CEN_CENELEC_BT-Dokument.pdf |title=Final draft: Standardization request to CEN-CENELEC on ‘Alternative fuels infrastructure’ (AFI II) |date=February 2, 2022 |publisher=[[European Commission]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408092049/https://www.snv.ch/files/content/documents/News%20und%20Newslettertexte/CEN_CENELEC_BT-Dokument.pdf |archive-date=April 8, 2022}}</ref><ref name="Andersson2022">{{citation |url=https://electric-road-systems.eu/e-r-systems-wAssets/docs/publications/CollERS-2-Discussion-paper-2-Regulatory-issues.pdf |title=Regulating Electric Road Systems in Europe - How can a deployment of ERS be facilitated? |publisher=CollERS2 - Swedish German research collaboration on Electric Road Systems |author=Matts Andersson |date=July 4, 2022}}</ref> in accordance with European Union directive 2023/1804<ref>{{citation |url=https://genorma.com/en/project/show/cenelec:proj:78579 |title=Technical Specification for ground-based feeding systems for dynamic electric road charging infrastructure on road vehicles in operation CLC/prTS 50740 |date=October 25, 2023 |website=Genorma}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=https://op.europa.eu/en/web/eu-law-in-force/bibliographic-details/-/elif-publication/6337734c-58e4-11ee-9220-01aa75ed71a1 |title=Regulation (EU) 2023/1804 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 September 2023 on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure, and repealing Directive 2014/94/EU |date=September 9, 2023}}</ref> is specified in [[European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization|CENELEC]] technical standard 50740. The standard was approved in 2025.<ref>{{citation |url=https://standardsdevelopment.bsigroup.com/projects/2024-02184#Publication |title=PD CLC/TS 50740 Technical Specification for ground-based feeding systems for dynamic electric road charging infrastructure on road vehicles in operation |website=[[British Standards Institution]] |year=2025}}</ref>