Editing Group 10 element (section)

=== Chemical properties ===
{| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap;"
|-
!''[[Atomic number|Z]]'' !! [[Chemical element|Element]] !! Electrons per [[Electron shell|shell]]
![[Electron configuration|Electronic configuration]]
|-
| 28 || nickel || 2, 8, 16, 2
|{{Mono|[Ar] &nbsp;&nbsp;<sup>&nbsp;&nbsp;</sup> 3d<sup>8</sup> 4s<sup>2</sup>}}
|-
| 46 || palladium || 2, 8, 18, 18
|{{Mono|[Kr] &nbsp;&nbsp;<sup>&nbsp;&nbsp;</sup> 4d<sup>10</sup>}}
|-
| 78 || platinum || 2, 8, 18, 32, 17, 1
|{{Mono|[Xe] 4f<sup>14</sup> 5d<sup>9</sup> 6s<sup>1</sup>}}
|-
| 110 || darmstadtium || 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 16, 2<br/>(predicted)
|{{Mono|[Rn] 5f<sup>14</sup> 6d<sup>8</sup> 7s<sup>2</sup>}}<br/>(predicted)<ref>{{Citation |last1=Hoffman |first1=Darleane C. |title=Transactinide Elements and Future Elements |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_14 |work=The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements |pages=1652–1752 |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |isbn=978-1-4020-3555-5 |access-date=2022-10-09 |last2=Lee |first2=Diana M. |last3=Pershina |first3=Valeria|year=2006 |doi=10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_14 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|}
The ground state electronic configurations of palladium and platinum are exceptions to [[Aufbau principle|Madelung's rule]]. According to Madelung's rule, the electronic configuration of palladium and platinum are expected to be [Kr] 5s<sup>2</sup> 4d<sup>8</sup> and [Xe] 4f<sup>14</sup> 5d<sup>8</sup> 6s<sup>2</sup> respectively. However, the 5s orbital of palladium is empty, and the 6s orbital of platinum is only partially filled. The relativistic stabilization of the 7s orbital is the explanation to the predicted electron configuration of darmstadtium, which, unusually for this group, conforms to that predicted by the [[Aufbau principle]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}} In general, the ground state electronic configurations of heavier atoms and transition metals are more difficult to predict.

Group 10 elements are observed in [[oxidation state]]s of +1 to +4.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=John David |title=Concise inorganic chemistry |date=2002 |publisher=Blackwell Science |isbn=0-632-05293-7 |edition=5th |pages=803–815 |oclc=}}</ref> The +2 oxidation state is common for nickel and palladium, while +2 and +4 are common for platinum. Oxidation states of −2 and −1 have also been observed for nickel<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Maier |first1=Thomas M. |last2=Sandl |first2=Sebastian |last3=Melzl |first3=Peter |last4=Zweck |first4=Josef |last5=Jacobi von Wangelin |first5=Axel |last6=Wolf |first6=Robert |date=2020-05-15 |title=Heterogeneous Olefin Hydrogenation Enabled by a Highly-Reduced Nickel(−II) Catalyst Precursor |journal=Chemistry – A European Journal |language=en |volume=26 |issue=28 |pages=6113–6117 |doi=10.1002/chem.201905537 |issn=0947-6539 |pmc=7318650 |pmid=32034810}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vollmer |first1=Matthew V. |last2=Xie |first2=Jing |last3=Cammarota |first3=Ryan C. |last4=Young |first4=Victor G. |last5=Bill |first5=Eckhard |last6=Gagliardi |first6=Laura |last7=Lu |first7=Connie C. |date=2018-06-25 |title=Formal Nickelate(−I) Complexes Supported by Group 13 Ions |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ange.201803356 |journal=Angewandte Chemie |language=en |volume=130 |issue=26 |pages=7941–7945 |doi=10.1002/ange.201803356 |bibcode=2018AngCh.130.7941V |s2cid=243890546 |issn=0044-8249|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and platinum,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Karpov |first1=Andrey |last2=Konuma |first2=Mitsuharu |last3=Jansen |first3=Martin |date=2006 |title=An experimental proof for negative oxidation states of platinum: ESCA-measurements on barium platinides |url=http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=b514631c |journal=Chemical Communications |language=en |issue=8 |pages=838–840 |doi=10.1039/b514631c |pmid=16479284 |issn=1359-7345|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and an oxidation state of +5 has been observed for palladium<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shimada |first1=Shigeru |last2=Li |first2=Yong-Hua |last3=Choe |first3=Yoong-Kee |last4=Tanaka |first4=Masato |last5=Bao |first5=Ming |last6=Uchimaru |first6=Tadafumi |date=2007-05-08 |title=Multinuclear palladium compounds containing palladium centers ligated by five silicon atoms |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=104 |issue=19 |pages=7758–7763 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0700450104 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=1876520 |pmid=17470819|doi-access=free |bibcode=2007PNAS..104.7758S }}</ref> and platinum.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mueller |first1=B. G. |last2=Serafin |first2=M. |date=2010-08-21 |title=ChemInform Abstract: Single-Crystal Investigations on PtF4 and PtF5. |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/chin.199245006 |journal=ChemInform |language=en |volume=23 |issue=45 |pages=no |doi=10.1002/chin.199245006|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Platinum has also been observed in the oxidation states −3<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Köhler |first1=Jürgen |last2=Whangbo |first2=Myung-Hwan |date=2008-04-01 |title=Late transition metal anions acting as p-metal elements |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1293255807003883 |journal=Solid State Sciences |series=Frontiers in Solid State Chemistry |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=444–449 |doi=10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2007.12.001 |bibcode=2008SSSci..10..444K |issn=1293-2558|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and +6.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Drews |first1=Thomas |last2=Supeł |first2=Joanna |last3=Hagenbach |first3=Adelheid |last4=Seppelt |first4=Konrad |date=2006-05-01 |title=Solid State Molecular Structures of Transition Metal Hexafluorides |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic052029f |journal=Inorganic Chemistry |language=en |volume=45 |issue=9 |pages=3782–3788 |doi=10.1021/ic052029f |pmid=16634614 |issn=0020-1669|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Theory suggests that platinum may produce a +10 oxidation state under specific conditions, but this remains to be shown empirically.<ref name=":6">{{cite book |last=Rosenberg |first=Samuel J. |url=http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA381960 |title=Nickel and Its Alloys |date=1968 |publisher=National Bureau of Standards |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523193126/http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA381960 |archive-date=May 23, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>