Editing Group 3 element (section)

==History==
The discovery of the group 3 elements is inextricably tied to that of the [[rare-earth elements|rare earths]], with which they are universally associated in nature. In 1787, Swedish part-time chemist [[Carl Axel Arrhenius]] found a heavy black rock near the Swedish village of [[Ytterby]], Sweden (part of the [[Stockholm Archipelago]]).<ref name=vanderkrogty>{{cite web|last = van der Krogt|first = Peter|title = 39 Yttrium – Elementymology & Elements Multidict|url = http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=Y|access-date = 2008-08-06|publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net}}</ref> Thinking that it was an unknown mineral containing the newly discovered element [[tungsten]],<ref name="Emsley496">[[#Emsley2001|Emsley 2001]], p. 496</ref> he named it [[ytterbite]].{{efn|''Ytterbite'' was named after the village it was discovered near, plus the -ite ending to indicate it was a mineral.}} Finnish scientist [[Johan Gadolin]] identified a new oxide or "[[Earth (chemistry)|earth]]" in Arrhenius' sample in 1789, and published his completed analysis in 1794;<ref>{{cite journal|first= Johan|last = Gadolin|author-link = Johan Gadolin|title = Undersökning af en svart tung Stenart ifrån Ytterby Stenbrott i Roslagen|journal = Kongl. Vetenskaps Academiens Nya Handlingar|volume = 15|year= 1794|pages= 137–155|language=sv}}</ref> in 1797, the new oxide was named ''yttria''.<ref name=Greenwood944>Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 944</ref> In the decades after French scientist [[Antoine Lavoisier]] developed the first modern definition of [[chemical element]]s, it was believed that earths could be reduced to their elements, meaning that the discovery of a new earth was equivalent to the discovery of the element within, which in this case would have been ''yttrium''.{{efn|Earths were given an -a ending and new elements are normally given an -ium ending.}} Until the early 1920s, the chemical symbol "Yt" was used for the element, after which "Y" came into common use.<ref>{{cite journal|journal = Pure Appl. Chem.|volume = 70|issue = 1|pages = 237–257|year = 1998|first1 = Tyler B.|last1 = Coplen|last2=Peiser|first2=H. S.|title = History of the Recommended Atomic-Weight Values from 1882 to 1997: A Comparison of Differences from Current Values to the Estimated Uncertainties of Earlier Values (Technical Report)|publisher = [[IUPAC Inorganic Chemistry Division|IUPAC's Inorganic Chemistry Division]] Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances|doi = 10.1351/pac199870010237|s2cid = 96729044|url = https://zenodo.org/record/1236255|doi-access = free}}</ref> Yttrium metal, albeit impure, was first prepared in 1828 when [[Friedrich Wöhler]] heated anhydrous [[yttrium(III) chloride]] with [[potassium]] to form metallic yttrium and [[potassium chloride]].<ref>{{cite book|last = Heiserman|first = David L.|title = Exploring Chemical Elements and their Compounds|location = New York|publisher = TAB Books|isbn = 0-8306-3018-X|chapter = Element 39: Yttrium|pages = 150–152|year = 1992|chapter-url-access = registration|chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/exploringchemica01heis}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal = Annalen der Physik|volume = 89|issue = 8|pages = 577–582|title = Über das Beryllium und Yttrium|first = Friedrich|last = Wöhler|author-link = Friedrich Wöhler|doi = 10.1002/andp.18280890805|year = 1828|bibcode = 1828AnP....89..577W |language=de|url = https://zenodo.org/record/1423522}}</ref> In fact, Gadolin's yttria proved to be a mixture of many metal oxides, that started the history of the discovery of the rare earths.<ref name=Greenwood944/>

In 1869, Russian chemist [[Dmitri Mendeleev]] published his periodic table, which had an empty space for an element above yttrium.<ref>{{cite book|pages=100–102|title=The Ingredients: A Guided Tour of the Elements|author=Ball, Philip|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2002|isbn=0-19-284100-9}}</ref> Mendeleev made several predictions on this hypothetical element, which he called ''eka-boron''. By then, Gadolin's yttria had already been split several times; first by Swedish chemist [[Carl Gustaf Mosander]], who in 1843 had split out two more earths which he called ''terbia'' and ''erbia'' (splitting the name of Ytterby just as yttria had been split); and then in 1878 when Swiss chemist [[Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac]] split terbia and erbia themselves into more earths. Among these was ytterbia (a component of the old erbia),<ref name=vanderkrogty/> which Swedish chemist [[Lars Fredrik Nilson]] successfully split in 1879 to reveal yet another new element.<ref name="Nilsonfr">{{cite journal|title = Sur l'ytterbine, terre nouvelle de M. Marignac|url =http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30457/f639.table| journal = [[Comptes Rendus]]|author = Nilson, Lars Fredrik|volume = 88| year =1879|pages = 642–647|language=fr}}</ref><ref name="Nilsonde">{{cite journal|title = Ueber Scandium, ein neues Erdmetall|journal = [[Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft]]|volume = 12|issue =1|year = 1879|pages = 554–557|author = Nilson, Lars Fredrik|doi = 10.1002/cber.187901201157|language=de|url = https://zenodo.org/record/1425172}}</ref> He named it scandium, from the [[Latin]] ''Scandia'' meaning "Scandinavia". Nilson was apparently unaware of Mendeleev's prediction, but [[Per Teodor Cleve]] recognized the correspondence and notified Mendeleev. Chemical experiments on scandium proved that [[Dmitri Mendeleev's predicted elements|Mendeleev's suggestions]] were correct; along with discovery and characterization of [[gallium]] and [[germanium]] this proved the correctness of the whole periodic table and [[periodic law]].<ref>{{cite journal|title = Sur le scandium| url =http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3046j/f432.table|journal = Comptes Rendus|author = Cleve, Per Teodor |volume = 89| year =1879|pages=419–422|language=fr}}</ref> Metallic scandium was produced for the first time in 1937 by [[electrolysis]] of a [[eutectic]] mixture, at 700–800&nbsp;°C, of [[potassium]], [[lithium]], and [[scandium chloride]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|title = Über das metallische Scandium| journal = [[Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie]]|volume = 231| issue = 1–2| year =1937| pages = 54–62| first1= Werner|last1 = Fischer| last2=Brünger|first2=Karl|last3=Grieneisen|first3=Hans|doi = 10.1002/zaac.19372310107|language=de}}</ref> Scandium exists in the same ores that yttrium had been discovered from, but is much rarer and probably for that reason had eluded discovery.<ref name=Greenwood944/>

The remaining component of Marignac's ytterbia also proved to be a composite. In 1907, French scientist [[Georges Urbain]],<ref>{{cite journal|title = Un nouvel élément, le lutécium, résultant du dédoublement de l'ytterbium de Marignac|journal = Comptes rendus|volume = 145|year = 1908|url = http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3099v/f759.table|pages = 759–762|author = Urbain, M. G. |language=fr}}</ref> Austrian mineralogist Baron [[Carl Auer von Welsbach]], and American chemist [[Charles James (chemist)|Charles James]]<ref>{{cite web | title = Separation of Rare Earth Elements by Charles James | work = National Historic Chemical Landmarks | publisher = American Chemical Society | url = http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/earthelements.html | access-date = 2014-02-21 }}</ref> all independently discovered a new element within ytterbia. Welsbach proposed the name ''cassiopeium'' for his new element (after [[Cassiopeia (constellation)|Cassiopeia]]), whereas Urbain chose the name ''lutecium'' (from Latin Lutetia, for Paris). The dispute on the priority of the discovery is documented in two articles in which Urbain and von Welsbach accuse each other of publishing results influenced by the published research of the other.<ref>{{cite journal|title = Die Zerlegung des Ytterbiums in seine Elemente|journal = Monatshefte für Chemie|volume = 29|issue = 2|year = 1908|doi = 10.1007/BF01558944|pages = 181–225|author1=von Welsbach |author2=Carl Auer |s2cid = 197766399|language=de|url = https://zenodo.org/record/2348610}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title = Lutetium und Neoytterbium oder Cassiopeium und Aldebaranium – Erwiderung auf den Artikel des Herrn Auer v. Welsbach|year = 1909|journal = Monatshefte für Chemie|volume = 31|issue = 10|doi = 10.1007/BF01530262|author = Urbain, G. |pages = I|s2cid = 101825980|language=de|url = https://zenodo.org/record/1859372}}</ref> In 1909, the Commission on Atomic Mass, which was responsible for the attribution of the names for the new elements, granted priority to Urbain and adopting his names as official ones. An obvious problem with this decision was that Urbain was one of the four members of the commission.<ref>{{cite journal|title = Bericht des Internationalen Atomgewichts-Ausschusses für 1909|year = 1909|journal = Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft
|volume = 42|issue = 1|pages = 11–17| doi =10.1002/cber.19090420104|author1=Clarke, F. W. |author2=Ostwald, W. |author3=Thorpe, T. E. |author4=Urbain, G. |language=de|url = https://zenodo.org/record/1426323}}</ref> In 1949, the spelling of element 71 was changed to lutetium.<ref>{{cite web|last = van der Krogt|first = Peter|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=Yb|title=70. Ytterbium – Elementymology & Elements Multidict |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |access-date=4 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last = van der Krogt|first = Peter|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=Lu|title=71. Lutetium – Elementymology & Elements Multidict |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |access-date=4 July 2011}}</ref> Later work connected with Urbain's attempts to further split his lutecium however revealed that it had only contained traces of the new element 71, and that it was only von Welsbach's cassiopeium that was pure element 71. For this reason many German scientists continued to use the name ''cassiopeium''  for the element until the 1950s. Ironically, Charles James, who had modestly stayed out of the argument as to priority, worked on a much larger scale than the others, and undoubtedly possessed the largest supply of lutetium at the time.<ref name=history>{{cite book| pages=240–242| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=Yhi5X7OwuGkC&pg=PA241| title =Nature's building blocks: an A-Z guide to the elements| author =Emsley, John | publisher=Oxford University Press |location =US| year = 2001| isbn = 0-19-850341-5}}</ref> Lutetium was the last of the stable rare earths to be discovered. Over a century of research had split the original yttrium of Gadolin into yttrium, scandium, lutetium, and seven other new elements.<ref name=vanderkrogty/>

Lawrencium is the only element of the group that does not occur naturally. It was probably first synthesized by [[Albert Ghiorso]] and his team on February 14, 1961, at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory (now called the [[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]]) at the [[University of California, Berkeley|University of California]] in [[Berkeley, California]], [[United States]]. The first atoms of lawrencium were produced by bombarding a three-milligram target consisting of three isotopes of the element [[californium]] with [[boron]]-10 and boron-11 [[atomic nucleus|nuclei]] from the Heavy Ion Linear Accelerator (HILAC).<ref name="Lr">{{cite journal|first1=Albert|last1=Ghiorso|author-link=Albert Ghiorso|last2=Sikkeland|first2=T.| last3=Larsh|first3=A. E.|last4=Latimer|first4=R. M.|journal=Phys. Rev. Lett.|volume=6|page=473|year=1961|bibcode = 1961PhRvL...6..473G |doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.6.473|title=New Element, Lawrencium, Atomic Number 103|issue=9 |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt2s43n491/qt2s43n491.pdf?t=p0t24m}}</ref> The [[nuclide]] <sup>257</sup>103 was originally reported. The team at the University of California suggested the name ''lawrencium'' (after [[Ernest O. Lawrence]], the inventor of [[cyclotron]] particle accelerator) and the symbol "Lw",<ref name="Lr"/> for the new element; IUPAC accepted their discovery, but changed the symbol to "Lr".<ref name=recentdev/> In 1965, nuclear-physics researchers in [[Dubna]], [[Soviet Union]] (now [[Russia]]) reported <sup>256</sup>103,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Donets |first1=E. D. |last2=Shchegolev |first2=V. A. |last3=Ermakov |first3=V. A. |journal=Atomnaya Énergiya |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=109 |date=1965 |language= ru |title= Synthesis of the isotope of element 103 (lawrencium) with mass number 256}}<br />
:Translated in {{cite journal |last1=Donets |first1=E. D. |last2=Shchegolev |first2=V. A. |last3=Ermakov |first3=V. A. |year=1965 |title=Synthesis of the isotope of element 103 (lawrencium) with mass number 256 |journal=Soviet Atomic Energy |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=109 |doi=10.1007/BF01126414|s2cid=97218361 }}</ref> in 1967, they reported that they were not able to confirm American scientists' data on <sup>257</sup>103,<ref>{{cite journal|first=G. N.|last=Flerov|title=On the nuclear properties of the isotopes <sup>256</sup>103 and <sup>257</sup>103|journal=Nucl. Phys. A|volume=106|issue=2|page=476|date=1967|bibcode= 1967NuPhA.106..476F|doi=10.1016/0375-9474(67)90892-5}}</ref> and proposed the name "rutherfordium" for the new element.<ref name=Karpenko>{{cite journal |last1=Karpenko |first1=V. |date=1980 |title=The Discovery of Supposed New Elements: Two Centuries of Errors |journal=Ambix |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=77–102 |doi=10.1179/amb.1980.27.2.77}}</ref> The Dubna group criticised the IUPAC approval of the Berkeley group's discovery as having been hasty.<ref name=93TWG/> In 1971, the Berkeley group did a whole series of experiments aimed at measuring the nuclear decay properties of element 103 isotopes,<ref name="Eskola">{{cite journal|journal=Phys. Rev. C| volume=4|issue=2|pages=632–642|date=1971|title=Studies of Lawrencium Isotopes with Mass Numbers 255 Through 260|author=Eskola, Kari|author2=Eskola, Pirkko|author3=Nurmia, Matti|author4=Albert Ghiorso |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.4.632|bibcode = 1971PhRvC...4..632E | url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/1476j5n1}}</ref> in which all previous results from Berkeley and Dubna were confirmed, except that the initial <sup>257</sup>103 isotope reported at Berkeley in 1961 turned out to have been <sup>258</sup>103.<ref name="93TWG">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1351/pac199365081757|title=Discovery of the transfermium elements. Part II: Introduction to discovery profiles. Part III: Discovery profiles of the transfermium elements|year=1993|author=Barber, R. C.|journal=Pure and Applied Chemistry|volume=65|pages=1757|last2=Greenwood|first2=N. N.|last3=Hrynkiewicz|first3=A. Z.|last4=Jeannin|first4=Y. P.|last5=Lefort|first5=M.|last6=Sakai|first6=M.|last7=Ulehla|first7=I.|last8=Wapstra|first8=A. P.|last9=Wilkinson|first9=D. H.
|issue=8|s2cid=195819585|doi-access=free}} (Note: for Part I see Pure Appl. Chem., Vol. 63, No. 6, pp. 879–886, 1991)</ref> In 1992, the [[IUPAC]] Trans-fermium Working Group named the nuclear physics teams at Dubna and Berkeley as the co-discoverers of element 103. When IUPAC made the final decision of the naming of the elements beyond 100 in 1997, it decided to keep the name "lawrencium" and symbol "Lr" for element 103 as it had been in use for a long time by that point. The name "rutherfordium" was assigned to the following [[rutherfordium|element 104]], which the Berkeley team had proposed it for.<ref name=recentdev>{{cite journal|first=Norman N.|last=Greenwood|journal=Pure Appl. Chem.|volume=69|issue=1|pages=179–184|title=Recent developments concerning the discovery of elements 101–111|year=1997|doi=10.1351/pac199769010179|doi-access=free}}</ref>