Editing Grouper (section)

==Systematics==

=== Etymology ===
The word "grouper" is from the [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] name, ''garoupa'', which has been speculated to come from an indigenous South American language.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/81859 |title=s.v. (?)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=grouper |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |access-date=2010-09-11}}</ref>

In Australia, "groper" is used instead of "grouper" for several species, such as the [[Queensland grouper]] (''Epinephelus lanceolatus''). In New Zealand, "groper" refers to a type of wreckfish, ''Polyprion oxygeneios'', which goes by the name ''[[hapuka]]'' (from the [[Māori language]] {{lang|mi|hāpuku}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/coastal-fish/6/2 |title=Coastal fish – Hāpuku – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand |publisher=Teara.govt.nz |date=2 March 2009 |access-date=2010-09-11}}</ref> In the [[Philippines]], groupers are generally known as ''lapu-lapu'' in [[Luzon]], while in the [[Visayas]] and [[Mindanao]] they are known as ''pugapo''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kohno |first1=Hiroshi |title=State of grouper (lapu-lapu) culture in the Philippines |journal=SEAFDEC Asian Aquaculture |date=1988 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=4–9 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/77981077.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Eslao-Alix">{{cite news |last1=Eslao-Alix |first1=Louella |title=From Pugapo to Lapu-lapu |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/255075/from-pugapo-to-lapu-lapu |access-date=11 February 2021 |work=Cebu Daily News |date=1 September 2019}}</ref> It is known as ''kerapu'' in both [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] and [[Malay language|Malay]]. In the [[Middle East]], the fish is known as '[[hamour|hammour]]', and is widely eaten, especially in the [[Persian Gulf]] region.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uaeinteract.com/travel/localdishes.asp |title=Food and Drink – Local Dishes |publisher=UAE Interact |url-status=dead |access-date=2011-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705003439/http://uaeinteract.com/travel/localdishes.asp |archive-date=5 July 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Carrington |first=Daisy |url=http://www.timeoutabudhabi.com/restaurants/features/5632-handling-hammour |title=Handling hammour |publisher=Time Out Abu Dhabi |date=19 January 2009 |access-date=2011-08-12}}</ref> In Latin America, the fish is known as '[[:es:Epinephelinae|mero]]'.

The species in the tribes [[Grammistini]] and [[Diploprionini]] secrete a mucus-like toxin in their skin called [[grammistin]], and when they are confined in a restricted space and subjected to stress, the mucus produces a foam that is toxic to nearby fish.  These fishes are often called soapfishes. They have been classified either as their own families or within subfamilies,<ref name = Randall1971>{{cite journal | author1 = John E. Randall | author2 = Kasumi Aida | author3 = Takashi Hibiya | author4 = Nobuhiro Mitsuura |author5 = Hisao Kamiya | author6 = Yoshiri Hashimoto | name-list-style = amp | year = 1971 | title = Grammistin, the skin toxin of soapfishes, and its significance in the classification of the Grammistidae | journal = Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory | volume = XIX  | issue =2/3 | pages = 157–190 | url = https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39301641.pdf}}</ref> although the fifth Edition of the ''Fishes of the World'' classifies these two groups as tribes within the subfamily Epinephelinae.<ref name="Nelson5">{{cite book |author1=J. S. Nelson |url=https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ |title=Fishes of the World |author2=T. C. Grande |author3=M. V. H. Wilson |publisher=Wiley |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-118-34233-6 |edition=5th |pages=446–448 |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408194051/https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ |archive-date=8 April 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> However, ''[[Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes]]'' presently treats these as distinct families.<ref name="CofFF" />

===Classification===
Based on ''[[Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes]]:''<ref name="CofFF" />

* Family '''Epinephelidae''' <small>[[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1874</small> (groupers)<ref name="VDLEF" />
** ''[[Aethaloperca]]'' <small>[[Henry Weed Fowler|Fowler]], 1904</small>
** ''[[Alphestes]]'' <small>[[Marcus Elieser Bloch|Bloch]] & [[Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider|Schneider]], 1801</small>
** ''[[Anyperodon]]'' <small>[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1859</small>
** ''[[Cephalopholis]]'' <small>Bloch & Schneider, 1801</small>
** ''[[Chromileptes]]'' <small>[[William Swainson|Swainson]], 1839</small>
** ''[[Dermatolepis]]'' <small>[[Theodore Nicholas Gill|Gill]], 1861</small>
** ''[[Epinephelus]]'' <small>Bloch, 1793</small>
** ''[[Gonioplectrus]]'' <small>Gill, 1862</small>
** ''[[Gracila]]'' <small>[[John Ernest Randall|Randall]], 1964</small>
** ''[[Hyporthodus]]'' <small>Gill, 1861</small>
** ''[[Mycteroperca]]'' <small>Gill, 1862</small>
** ''[[Paranthias]]'' <small>[[Alphone Guichenot|Guichenot]], 1868</small>
** ''[[Plectropomus]]'' <small>[[Lorenz Oken|Pken]], 1817</small>
** ''[[Saloptia]]'' <small>[[J.L.B. Smith]], 1964</small>
** ''[[Triso]]'' <small>Randall, [[David G. Johnson|Johnson]] & [[G.R. Lowe|Lowe]], 1989</small>
** ''[[Variola (fish)|Variola]]'' <small>Swainson, 1839</small>