Editing Guantanamo Bay Naval Base (section)

== History ==
{{See also|Timeline of Guantánamo Bay|List of commanders of Guantanamo Bay Naval Base}}
[[File:Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Cuba, 1916 ‧ 1.jpg|thumb|left|The base in 1916|195x195px]]

=== Spanish colonial era ===
The area surrounding Guantanamo Bay was originally inhabited by the [[Taíno people]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Poole|first=Robert M.|date=October 2011|title=What Became of the Taino|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/what-became-of-the-taino-73824867/|access-date=9 September 2012|work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> On 30 April 1494, [[Christopher Columbus]], on his second voyage, arrived and spent the night. The place where Columbus landed is now known as Fisherman's Point. Columbus declared the bay ''Puerto Grande''.<ref name="CNICVOL1CH1">{{cite web|author=Murphy|first=M. E.|title=The History of Guantanamo Bay 1494–1964|url=https://www.cnic.navy.mil/guantanamo/About/History/GuantanamoBayHistoryMurphy/Volume1/Chapter1/index.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831065451/http://www.cnic.navy.mil/guantanamo/About/History/GuantanamoBayHistoryMurphy/Volume1/Chapter1/index.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 August 2012|access-date=9 September 2012|publisher=United States Navy|volume=1}}</ref> The bay and surrounding areas briefly came under [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] control during the [[War of Jenkins' Ear]]. Prior to the outbreak of the conflict, the bay was referred to as ''Walthenham Harbor'' by British cartographers. The British expeditionary force renamed the bay ''Cumberland Bay''. They eventually retreated from the area after an attempt to march to [[Santiago de Cuba]] was repulsed by [[Spanish Army|Spanish troops]].<ref name="CNICVOL1CH1" />

===Spanish–American War ===
{{Main|Spanish–American War|Battle of Guantánamo Bay}}
During the Spanish–American War, the [[United States Navy|U.S. fleet]] attacking Santiago<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cubanbattlefields.unl.edu/battlefields/|title=The Santiago Campaign {{!}} Battlefields {{!}} Cuban Battlefields of the Spanish-Cuban-American War|website=cubanbattlefields.unl.edu|access-date=19 April 2019}}</ref> secured [[Guantánamo]]'s harbor for protection during the [[1898 Atlantic hurricane season|hurricane season of 1898]]. The Marines landed at Guantanamo Bay with naval support, and American and Cuban forces routed the defending Spanish troops. There is a monument on McCalla Hill to one Navy officer and five Marines who died in battle at Guantanamo Bay.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dayhoff: Happy Birthday, United States Marine Corps |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/maryland/carroll/opinion/cc-lt-dayhoff-111118-story.html |access-date=17 October 2021 |date=9 November 2018}}</ref>

The war ended with the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Treaty of Paris of 1898]], in which Spain formally relinquished control of Cuba. Although the war was over, the United States maintained a strong military presence on the island. In 1901 the United States government passed the [[Platt Amendment]] as part of an Army Appropriations Bill.<ref name=commentary>[http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=55 1901 Platt Amendment commentary] at the United States Archives online</ref> Section VII of this amendment read

{{Blockquote|That to enable the United States to maintain the independence of Cuba, and to protect the people thereof, as well as for its own defense, the government of Cuba will sell or lease to the United States lands necessary for coaling or naval stations at certain specified points to be agreed upon with the President of the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our Documents - Transcript of Platt Amendment (1903)|url=https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=55&page=transcript|access-date=2021-03-17|website=www.ourdocuments.gov}}</ref>|source=}}

After initial resistance by the Cuban Constitutional Convention, the Platt Amendment was incorporated into the [[1901 Constitution of Cuba|Constitution]] of the [[Republic of Cuba (1902–59)|Republic of Cuba]] in 1901.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Platt Amendment is Accepted by Cuba|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1901/06/13/117760953.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204131202/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1901/06/13/117760953.pdf |archive-date=2021-02-04 |url-status=live |access-date=29 February 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=13 June 1901}}</ref> The Constitution took effect in 1902, and land for a naval base at Guantanamo Bay was granted to the United States the following year.<ref name="Lease 1">[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/dip_cuba002.asp ''Agreement Between the United States and Cuba for the Lease of Lands for Coaling and Naval stations''], 1903.</ref>

=== Permanent lease ===
{{See also|Cuban–American Treaty of Relations (1903)}}
{{Infobox treaty
| name                 =
| long_name            = Agreement for the lease to the United States of lands in Cuba for coaling and naval stations
| image                = <!-- Example.png -->
| image_width          = <!-- 200px -->
| image_alt            = <!-- alt-text here for accessibility; see [[MOS:ACCESS]] -->
| caption              = <!-- Example caption for either image style -->
| context              =
| date_drafted         =
| date_signed          = {{Start date|df=yes|1903|02|16}}; 23 February 1903
| location_signed      = [[Havana]]; [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]]
| date_sealed          =
| date_effective       = 23 February 1903
| condition_effective  =
| date_expiration      = <!-- {{End date|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD}} OR: -->
| date_expiry          = <!-- {{End date|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
| mediators            = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| negotiators          = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| original_signatories = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| signatories          =
* {{flagcountry|Republic of Cuba (1902–1959)}}
* {{flag|United States|1896}}
| parties              = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| ratifiers            = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| depositor            = <!-- OR: -->
| depositories         = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| citations            = [[United States Treaty Series|TS]] 418; 6 [[Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America 1776–1949|Bevans]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=79AWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1113 1113]
| language             = <!-- OR: -->
| languages            = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| wikisource           = <!-- OR: -->
| wikisource1          = <!-- Up to 5 wikisourceN variables may be specified -->
| footnotes            =
}}
{{Infobox treaty
| name                 =
| long_name            = Agreement providing conditions for the lease of coaling or naval stations
| image                = <!-- Example.png -->
| image_width          = <!-- 200px -->
| image_alt            = <!-- alt-text here for accessibility; see [[MOS:ACCESS]] -->
| caption              = <!-- Example caption for either image style -->
| context              =
| date_drafted         =
| date_signed          = {{Start date|df=yes|1903|07|02}}
| location_signed      = [[Havana]]
| date_sealed          =
| date_effective       = 6 October 1903
| condition_effective  =
| date_expiration      = <!-- {{End date|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD}} OR: -->
| date_expiry          = <!-- {{End date|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
| mediators            = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| negotiators          = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| original_signatories = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| signatories          =
* {{flagcountry|Republic of Cuba (1902–1959)}}
* {{flag|United States|1896}}
| parties              = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| ratifiers            = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| depositor            = <!-- OR: -->
| depositories         = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| citations            = [[United States Treaty Series|TS]] 426; 6 [[Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America 1776–1949|Bevans]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=79AWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1120 1120]
| language             = <!-- OR: -->
| languages            = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| wikisource           = <!-- OR: -->
| wikisource1          = <!-- Up to 5 wikisourceN variables may be specified -->
| footnotes            =
}}
The 1903 lease agreement, which has no fixed expiration date,<ref>{{cite magazine | magazine=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |access-date = 5 June 2018 | title = How Did the U.S. Get a Naval Base in Cuba? | date= 18 January 2002 | first= Chris | last = Suellentrop | url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2002/01/how-did-the-u-s-get-a-naval-base-in-cuba.html }}</ref> was executed in two parts. The first, signed in February, consisted of the following provisions:<ref name="Lease 1" /> 
#'''Agreement''' – The United States of America and the Republic of Cuba, desiring to maintain the Independence of Cuba, will enter into a lease for lands necessary for US Naval Stations.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=79AWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1113 |title=Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America, 1776-1949: Canada-Czechoslovakia |date=1968 |publisher=Department of State |language=en}}</ref>
#'''Article 1''' – Describes the boundaries of the areas being leased, Guantanamo Bay and [[Bahía Honda, Cuba|Bahia Honda]]. 
#'''Article 2''' – The U.S. may occupy, use, and modify the properties to fit the needs of a coaling and naval station, only. Vessels in the Cuban trade shall have free passage. 
#'''Article 3''' – Cuba retains ultimate sovereignty, but during the occupation, the U.S. exercises sole jurisdiction over the areas described in Article 1. Under conditions to be agreed on, the U.S. has the right to acquire, by purchase or eminent domain, any land included therein.

The second part, signed five months later in July 1903, consisted of the following provisions:<ref name="Lease 2">[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/dip_cuba003.asp ''Lease to the United States by the Government of Cuba of Certain Areas of Land and Water for Naval or Coaling Stations in Guantanamo and Bahia Honda''] U.S. Federal Government, 1903.</ref> 
#'''Article 1''' – Payment is $2000 gold coin, annually. All private lands within the boundaries shall be acquired by Cuba. The U.S. will advance rental payments to Cuba to facilitate those purchases. 
#'''Article 2''' – The U.S. shall pay for a survey of the sites and mark the boundaries with fences.
#'''Article 3''' – There will be no commercial or other enterprise within the leased areas.
#'''Article 4''' – Mutual extradition
#'''Article 5''' – Not ports of entry. 
#'''Article 6''' – Ships shall be subject to Cuban port police. The U.S. will not obstruct entry or departure into the bay. 
#'''Article 7''' – This proposal is open for seven months. 
SIGNED Theodore Roosevelt and Jose M Garcia Montes.

In 1934, the United States unilaterally changed the payment from gold coin to U.S. dollars per the [[Gold Reserve Act]]. The lease amount was set at US$3,386.25, based on the price of gold at the time.<ref name="GREEN">{{Cite book|last=Green|first=Timothy|url=https://famguardian.org/Subjects/MoneyBanking/FederalReserve/CentralBankGoldReserves.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923095152/http://famguardian.org/Subjects/MoneyBanking/FederalReserve/CentralBankGoldReserves.pdf |archive-date=2010-09-23 |url-status=live|title=Central bank gold reserves: An historical perspective since 1845|date=1999|publisher=World Gold Council|oclc=43033613|via=famguardian.org}}</ref> In 1973, the U.S. adjusted the lease amount to $3,676.50, and in 1974 to $4,085, based on further increases to the price of gold in USD.<ref>{{cite book |last=Strauss |first=Michael |date=2009 |title=The Leasing of Guantanamo Bay |url=http://www.abc-clio.com/ABC-CLIOCorporate/product.aspx?pc=D2074C |publisher=Praeger Security International |page=246 and viii|isbn=978-0-313-37782-2}}</ref> Payments have been sent annually, but only one lease payment has been accepted since the [[Cuban Revolution]] and [[Fidel Castro]] claimed that this check was deposited due to confusion in 1959. The Cuban government has not deposited any other lease check since that time.<ref>{{cite news | work=Reuters | access-date = 13 March 2016 | title = Castro: Cuba not cashing US Guantanamo rent checks | date= 17 August 2007 | first= Anthony | last = Boadle | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN17200921 }}</ref>
[[File:Shareds 1906 from GITMO.jpg|222x222px|thumb|right|Shards from 1906]]

=== Before and during World War II ===
The Naval Base became a prime area for winter training for the Atlantic fleet. Due to the large increase in population during the training months, the Naval Base quickly established facilities to support everyday functions. Construction of the Guantanamo Bay fleet range system began as early as 1905 under Captain Rogers. Four primary ranges were built during its construction: Range Alpha, Range Beta, Range Charlie, and Range Delta. Due to the size of the base, sections were shut down in order for range operations to proceed. Ironically, the concrete range system's size and cost led to its downfall. Strong evidence suggests the fleet ranges were used throughout World War I and the beginning of World War II.<ref>Carrington, J. (2022). Guantanamo Bay. A Historical Mystery. Independently published {{ISBN|979-8838304131}}</ref>

During [[World War II]], the base was set up to use a nondescript number for postal operations. The base used the [[Military mail#U.S. Military Postal Service (MPS)|Fleet Post Office]], Atlantic, in [[New York City]], with the address: 115 FPO NY.<ref>{{cite web|title=World War II Navy Post Office Numbers|url=http://bluejacket.com/usn-usmc_ww2_location-codes.html|access-date=1 October 2011|archive-date=10 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010184205/http://bluejacket.com/usn-usmc_ww2_location-codes.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The base was also an important intermediate distribution point for [[merchant shipping]] [[convoy]]s from New York City and [[Key West, Florida]], to the [[Panama Canal]] and the islands of [[Puerto Rico]], [[Jamaica]], and [[Trinidad and Tobago]].<ref name="hague">Hague, Arnold ''The Allied Convoy System 1939–1945'' Naval Institute Press 2000 {{ISBN|1-55750-019-3}} p.111</ref>

===Cold War and beyond===
[[File:U.S-Cuban Border. Guantanamo Bay US Naval Base. - panoramio.jpg|thumb|222x222px|United States base–Cuban border, Guantanamo Bay Naval Base]]
From 1953 to 1959, thousands of Cubans commuted daily from outside the base to jobs within it. In mid-1958, vehicular traffic was stopped; workers were required to walk through the base's several gates. Public Works Center buses were pressed into service almost overnight to carry the tides of workers to and from the gate. 

The "Cactus Curtain" is a term describing the line separating the naval base from Cuban-controlled territory,<ref name=":0" /> an allusion to Europe's [[Iron Curtain]],<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,940656,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229213928/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,940656,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 December 2008 |title=Yankees Besieged |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=16 March 1962}}</ref> the [[Bamboo Curtain]] in East Asia, and the similar [[Bering Strait#"Ice Curtain" border|Ice Curtain]] in the [[Bering Strait]]. After the [[Cuban Revolution]], some Cubans sought refuge on the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base. In late 1961, Cuban troops planted an {{convert|8|mi|km|adj=on}} long, {{convert|10|ft|m|adj=on}} wide<ref name=":1" /> barrier of ''[[Opuntia]]'' (prickly pear) cactus along the northeastern section of the {{convert|17|mi|adj=on}} fence surrounding the base in order to prevent checkpoint evasion when moving between the base and Cuba proper<!-- Cubans were allowed to go between Cuba and the base for work, too. Due to suspicion from both sides, workers had to go through a checkpoint on either end, one Cuban and one U.S., in order to do so, and the ability to evade this would have undermined the process. The cacti were not just for refugees but all Cubans working on the base and living in Cuba proper, so checkpoint evasion is a better term because it encompasses both workers and refugees. -->.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www1.american.edu/TED/guantan.htm |title=Guantanamo Bay Naval Base and Ecological Crises |work=Trade and Environment Database |publisher=[[American University]] |access-date=19 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327053019/http://www.american.edu/TED/guantan.htm |archive-date=27 March 2009 }}</ref>

The curtain forms part of a "[[no man's land]]" that encircles the base.<ref name=":1" /> This area is complete with perimeter patrols, outposts featuring sandbags, and watchtowers,<ref name=":0" /> and has been complemented with barbed wire fences, minefields, and cacti.<ref name=":1" /> Apart from the cacti, both U.S. and Cuban troops erected, maintained, and otherwise manned these defenses, primarily to prevent checkpoint evasion and possible invasion from the other side.<ref name=":1" />

[[File:Marines stack mines for disposal.jpg|thumb|U.S. Marines stack up landmines for [[Demining#Removal methods|disposal]] in July 1997.]]
U.S. and Cuban troops placed some 55,000 [[Anti-personnel mine|anti-personnel]] and [[Anti-tank mine|anti-tank]] [[land mine]]s across the "no man's land" around the perimeter of the naval base,<ref name=":1" /> creating the second-largest minefield in the world, and the largest in the Western Hemisphere.<ref name=":0" /> Initially, the mines were laid down by US troops, who also laid down signs stating that the landmines were "precautions" and should not be viewed as "aggressive".<ref name=":1" /> In response, Cuban troops also laid down their own mines, with both sides completing their minefields in 1961.<ref name=":1" /> Between 1961 and 1965, landmine explosions resulted in the deaths of at least 10 people, including as the result of engineering accidents and late-night partygoers.<ref name=":1" /> On 16 May 1996, U.S. President [[Bill Clinton]] ordered the [[demining]] of the American field. They have since been replaced with [[Motion detector|motion]] and sound sensors to detect intruders on the base. The Cuban government has not removed its corresponding minefield outside the perimeter.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/cuba/guantanamo-mines.htmv |first=Carol |last=Rosenberg |title=Guantanamo base free of land mines |date=29 June 1999 |work=[[Miami Herald]] |access-date=14 February 2009 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/1731704.stm |title=Destination Guantanamo Bay |work=BBC News |access-date=15 March 2006 | date=28 December 2001}}</ref>

During the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]] in 1962, the families of military personnel were evacuated from the base. Notified of the evacuation on 22 October, evacuees were told to pack one suitcase per family member, to bring evacuation and immunization cards, to tie pets in the yard, to leave the keys to the house on the dining table, and to wait in front of the house for buses.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Guantanamo Bay Evacuation Order, Oct. 22, 1962 |last=Wiltrout |first=Kate |url=https://www.pilotonline.com/military/article_9d48032a-a1b9-5ec7-8145-288c54e8f5a2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621171905/https://www.pilotonline.com/military/article_9d48032a-a1b9-5ec7-8145-288c54e8f5a2.html |archive-date=21 June 2021 |date=5 November 2012 |newspaper=The Virginian-Pilot}}</ref> Dependents traveled to the airfield for flights to the United States, or to ports for passage aboard evacuation ships. After the crisis was resolved, family members were allowed to return to the base in December 1962.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of the American Red Cross Station on NSGB |url=https://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=104765 |archive-date=19 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319211902/http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=104765 |publisher=United States Navy |access-date=26 September 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

From 1939, the base's water was supplied by pipelines that drew water from the [[Yateras]] River about {{convert|4.5|mi|km|0}} northeast of the base. The U.S. government paid a fee for this; in 1964, it was about $14,000 a month for about {{convert|2.5|e6U.S.gal|m3|sigfig=1|abbr=unit}} per day. In 1964, the Cuban government stopped the flow. The base had about {{convert|14|e6U.S.gal|m3|sigfig=1|abbr=unit}} of water in storage, and strict water conservation was put into effect immediately. The U.S. first imported water from [[Jamaica]] by barge, then relocated a [[desalination]] plant from San Diego ([[Point Loma, San Diego|Point Loma]]). When the Cuban government accused the United States of "stealing water", base commander [[John D. Bulkeley]] ordered that the pipelines be cut and a section removed. A {{convert|38|in|cm|abbr=on|sp=us|adj=on}} length of the {{convert|14|in|cm|abbr=on}} diameter pipe and a {{convert|20|in|cm|abbr=on}} length of the {{convert|10|in|cm|abbr=on}} diameter pipe were lifted from the ground and the openings sealed.

During the 1960s and 1970s, the base had problems with alcohol and racial tension.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Benz|first=Stephen|date=2018|title=Overlooking Guantánamo|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/711692|journal=New England Review|language=en|volume=39|issue=4|pages=114–128|doi=10.1353/ner.2018.0116|s2cid=201729092|issn=2161-9131|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Harassment and strip searches also became a regular occurrence for Cuban workers on the base.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Lipman|first=Jana K.|url=https://california.degruyter.com/view/title/556715|title=Guantanamo: A Working-Class History between Empire and Revolution|date=2008-12-02|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-94237-0|editor-last=Lewis|editor-first=Earl|series=American Crossroads|volume=25|pages=162–171|doi=10.1525/9780520942370-007|s2cid=226759322|editor-last2=Lipsitz|editor-first2=George|editor-last3=Pascoe|editor-first3=Peggy|editor-last4=Sánchez|editor-first4=George|editor-last5=Takagi|editor-first5=Dana}}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Several old guns from the [[USS Monongahela (1862)|USS ''Monongahela'' (1862)]] have been salvaged and placed around the base. The old warship served as a [[storeship]] at Guantanamo until destroyed by fire on 17 March 1908. A {{convert|4|in|mm|adj=on}} gun was salvaged from its wreck and put on display at the Naval Station. Since the gun was deformed by the heat from the fire, it was nicknamed "Old Droopy". A similar gun, possibly also salvaged from the ''Monongahela'', is on display near the Bay View Club on the Naval Station.

By 2006, only two elderly Cubans, Luis Delarosa and Harry Henry, still crossed the base's North East Gate daily to work on the base, because the Cuban government prohibited new recruitment since 1959. They both retired at the end of 2012.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Leboy|first1=Suzette|last2=Fox|first2=Ben|title=Era Ends: Base's last two Cuban commuters retire|website=[[Miami Herald]]|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/latest-news/article1945464.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015231909/https://www.miamiherald.com/latest-news/article1945464.html|url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2012|archive-date=15 October 2015}}</ref> At the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] in 2013, Cuba's Foreign Minister demanded the U.S. return the base.<ref>[http://www.news.com.au/world-news/force-feeding-hunger-strikers-breaches-law/story-fndir2ev-1226633487092 Australian News, May 2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724090722/http://www.news.com.au/world-news/force-feeding-hunger-strikers-breaches-law/story-fndir2ev-1226633487092 |date=24 July 2013 }}, Comments by Cuba to the UN Human Rights Council</ref><ref>[http://www.granma.cu/ingles/international-i/26enero-Guantanamo%20is.html Granma, 26 January 2012] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103171213/http://www.granma.cu/ingles/international-i/26enero-Guantanamo%20is.html |date=3 November 2013 }}, comments on an article in the ''New York Times'' on the continued occupation of Cuba</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Hansen|first=Jonathan M.|date=2012-01-11|title=Opinion {{!}} Give Guantánamo Back to Cuba|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/11/opinion/give-guantanamo-back-to-cuba.html|access-date=2021-03-17|issn=0362-4331|via=Granma}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131205175524/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA373599 Guantanamo, Yankee naval base of crimes and provocations], 1970, (Cuban) Ministry of Foreign Affairs, translated 1977 by U.S. Joint Publications Research Service (PDF)</ref><ref>Alfred de Zayas, "The Status of Guantanamo Bay and the Status of the Detainees" in ''University of British Columbia Law Review'', vol. 37, July 2004, pp. 277–342;, A de Zayas Guantanamo Naval Base in ''Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law'', Oxford University Press 2012</ref>