Editing Guild (section)

== Middle ages and early modern period ==
[[File:Zz Glaser P1010007a retouched.jpg|thumb|Traditional hand-[[forged]] guild sign of a [[glazier]] — in [[Germany]]. These signs can be found in many old European towns where guild members marked their places of business. Many survived through time or staged a comeback in industrial times. Today they are restored or newly created, especially in old town areas.]]
There were several types of guilds, including the two main categories of merchant guilds and craft guilds<ref>{{cite book |first1=Joann |last1=Jovinelly |first2=Jason |last2=Netelkos |title=The Crafts And Culture of a Medieval Guild |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=msBWrTpY6rgC&pg=PA8 |year=2006 |publisher=Rosen |page=8|isbn=9781404207578 }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Guild |date=1 September 2010 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/248614/guild}}</ref> but also the [[Frith#Culture|frith guild]] and religious guild.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Mark Starr (labor educationalist) |first=Mark |last=Starr |title=A worker looks at history: being outlines of industrial history specially written for Labour College-Plebs classes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vX1YAAAAMAAJ |year=1919 |publisher=Plebs League}}</ref> Guilds arose beginning in the [[High Middle Ages]] as craftsmen united to protect their common interests. In the German city of [[Augsburg]] craft guilds are mentioned in the Towncharter of 1156.<ref>{{cite news |first=Anke |last=Sczesny |title=Zuenfte |url= http://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/Lexikon/Zünfte |year=2012 |website=Bayerische Staatsbibliothek|access-date=3 March 2018}}</ref>

The continental system of guilds and merchants arrived in [[England]] after the [[Norman Conquest]], with incorporated societies of merchants in each town or city holding exclusive rights of doing business there. In many cases they became the governing body of a town. For example, [[Guildhall, London|London's Guildhall]] became the seat of the [[Court of Common Council#The Court of Common Council|Court of Common Council]] of the City of London Corporation, the world's oldest continuously elected local government,<ref name=cofhistory>{{cite web|title=History and heritage|url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/about-the-city/history-and-future/history-and-heritage/Pages/default.aspx|website=City of London|access-date=25 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518111410/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/about-the-city/history-and-future/history-and-heritage/Pages/default.aspx|archive-date=18 May 2013}}</ref> whose members to this day must be Freemen of the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Common Council Qualification Guidance |url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/about-the-city/how-we-work/elections-and-wards/Documents/Common%20Council%20Qualification%20Guidance.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719144957/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/about-the-city/how-we-work/elections-and-wards/Documents/Common%20Council%20Qualification%20Guidance.pdf |archive-date=2013-07-19 |access-date=2013-03-12 |website=City of London}}</ref> The [[Freedom of the City]], effective from the Middle Ages until 1835, gave the right to trade, and was only bestowed upon members of a Guild or Livery.<ref name="coffreedom">{{cite web|title=Freedom of the City|url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/about-the-city/history-and-future/history-and-heritage/freedom-of-the-city/Pages/default.aspx|website=City of London|access-date=25 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130519014654/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/about-the-city/history-and-future/history-and-heritage/freedom-of-the-city/Pages/default.aspx|archive-date=19 May 2013}}</ref>
[[File:N.S. cechy.JPG|thumb|left|[[Coat of arms|Coats of arms]] of guilds in a town in the [[Czech Republic]] displaying symbols of various European medieval trades and crafts]]

Early [[Egalitarian community|egalitarian communities]] called "guilds"<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|guild}}</ref> were denounced by Catholic clergy for their "conjurations" — the binding oaths sworn among the members to support one another in adversity, kill specific enemies, and back one another in feuds or in business ventures. The occasion for these oaths were drunken banquets held on December 26. In 858, [[West Francia]]n Bishop [[Hincmar]] sought vainly to Christianise the guilds.<ref>{{harvnb|Rouche|1992|p=432}}</ref>

In the [[Early Middle Ages]], most of the [[Associations in Ancient Rome#Trade associations|Roman craft organisations]], originally formed as [[confraternity|religious confraternities]], had disappeared, with the apparent exceptions of stonecutters and perhaps glassmakers, mostly the people that had local skills. [[Gregory of Tours]] tells a miraculous tale of a builder whose art and techniques suddenly left him, but were restored by an apparition of the Virgin Mary in a dream. Michel Rouche<ref>{{harvnb|Rouche|1992|pp=431ff}}</ref> remarks that the story speaks for the importance of practically transmitted [[journeyman|journeymanship]].

In [[France]], guilds were called ''corps de métiers''. According to Viktor Ivanovich Rutenburg, "Within the guild itself there was very little division of labour, which tended to operate rather between the guilds. Thus, according to [[Étienne Boileau]]'s Book of Handicrafts, by the mid-13th century there were no less than 100 guilds in [[Paris]], a figure which by the 14th century had risen to 350."<ref>{{cite book |first=Viktor Ivanovich |last=Rutenburg |title=Feudal society and its culture |publisher=Progress |year=1988 |isbn=978-5-01-000528-3 |page=30 }}</ref> There were different guilds of metal-workers: the farriers, knife-makers, locksmiths, chain-forgers, nail-makers, often formed separate and distinct corporations; the armourers were divided into helmet-makers, escutcheon-makers, harness-makers, harness-polishers, etc.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07066c.htm |encyclopedia =The Catholic Encyclopedia|title = Guilds |via=Newadvent.org |date=1910-06-01 |last1=Burton|first1= Edwin|first2= Pierre |last2= Marique}}</ref> In Catalan towns, especially at [[Barcelona]], guilds or ''gremis'' were a basic agent in the society: a shoemakers' guild is recorded in 1208.<ref>{{cite book|title=Diccionario geográfico universal, por una sociedad de literatos, S.B.M.F.C.L.D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GgQHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA730|year=1834|pages=730–|author1 = Diccionario}}</ref>

In England, specifically in the [[City of London Corporation]], more than 110 guilds,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/LGNL_Services/Leisure_and_culture/Local_history_and_heritage/Livery/linklist.html |title=Alphabetical list |publisher=Cityoflondon.gov.uk |date=2011-08-08 |access-date=2012-01-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418190325/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/LGNL_Services/Leisure_and_culture/Local_history_and_heritage/Livery/linklist.html |archive-date=2012-04-18 }}</ref> referred to as [[livery company|livery companies]], survive today,<ref>{{cite book |first=Nicholas |last=Shaxson |title=Treasure Islands: Tax Havens and the Men who Stole the World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4F9wx0gWXYcC |year=2012 |publisher=Vintage |isbn=978-0-09-954172-1}}</ref> with the oldest {{Years ago|1155}} years old.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://broadcast.lds.org/elearning/FHD/Community/en/Community/Denise_Mortorff/LIVERY_COMPANY_RECORDS_Presentation_Handout.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116225910/http://broadcast.lds.org/elearning/FHD/Community/en/Community/Denise_Mortorff/LIVERY_COMPANY_RECORDS_Presentation_Handout.pdf |archive-date=2017-11-16 |url-status=live |title=Livery Company Records & Furthering Your Ancestry |last=Mortorff |first=Denise |date=2009 |access-date=2021-04-01 |quote="1155 Charter - Worshipful Company of Weavers. The oldest recorded City Livery Company."}}</ref> Other groups, such as the [[Worshipful Company of Tax Advisers]], have been formed far more recently. Membership in a livery company is expected for individuals participating in the governance of ''The City'', as the [[Lord Mayor]] and the [[City Remembrancer|Remembrancer]].

[[File:Merchant Guild House, Vyborg (south side).jpg|thumb|The medieval Merchant Guild House in [[Vyborg, Russia]]]]
The guild system reached a mature state in [[Germany]] {{Circa|1300}} and held on in German cities into the 19th century, with some special privileges for certain occupations remaining today. In the 15th century, Hamburg had 100 guilds, Cologne 80, and Lübeck 70.<ref>{{cite book |author=Centre international de synthese |title=L'Encyclopedie et les encyclopedistes |publisher=B. Franklin |year=1971 |isbn=978-0-8337-1157-1 |page=366 }}</ref> The latest guilds to develop in Western Europe were the ''{{lang|es|gremios}}'' of Spain: e.g., Valencia (1332) or Toledo (1426).

Not all city economies were controlled by guilds; some cities were "free." Where guilds were in control, they shaped labor, production and trade; they had strong controls over instructional capital, and the modern concepts of a lifetime progression of [[apprentice]] to [[artisan|craftsman]], and then from [[journeyman]] eventually to widely recognized [[master craftsman|master]] and grandmaster began to emerge. In order to become a master, a journeyman would have to go on a three-year voyage called [[journeyman years]]. The practice of the journeyman years still exists in Germany and France.

As production became more specialized, trade guilds were divided and subdivided, eliciting the squabbles over jurisdiction that produced the paperwork by which economic historians trace their development: The metalworking guilds of Nuremberg were divided among dozens of independent trades in the boom economy of the 13th century, and there were 101 trades in Paris by 1260.<ref>{{harvnb|Braudel|1992}}</ref> In [[Ghent]], as in [[Florence]], the [[Wool#History|woolen textile industry]] developed as a congeries of specialized guilds. The appearance of the European guilds was tied to the emergent [[money]] economy, and to [[urbanization]]. Before this time it was not possible to run a money-driven organization, as [[commodity money]] was the normal way of doing business.

The guild was at the center of [[Europe]]an handicraft organization into the 16th century. In France, a resurgence of the guilds in the second half of the 17th century is symptomatic of [[Louis XIV]] and [[Jean Baptiste Colbert]]'s administration's concerns to impose unity, control production, and reap the benefits of transparent structure in the shape of efficient taxation.<ref>E. K. Hunt, ''Property and Prophets: The Evolution of Economic Institutions and Ideologies'' (London: Routledge, 2016), 33. {{ISBN|1317461983}}; and James Christopher Postell and Jim Postell, ''Furniture Design'' (London: Wiley, 2007), 284. {{ISBN|0471727962}}</ref>

[[File:Guildhall. Engraved by E.Shirt after a drawing by Prattent. c. 1805.jpg|thumb|left|A center of urban government: the [[Guildhall, London]] (engraving, {{Circa|1805}})]]
The guilds were identified with organizations enjoying certain privileges ([[letters patent]]), usually issued by the [[monarch|king]] or [[state (polity)|state]] and overseen by local town business authorities (some kind of [[chamber of commerce]]). These were the predecessors of the modern [[patent]] and [[trademark]] system. The guilds also maintained funds in order to support infirm or elderly members, as well as widows and orphans of guild members, funeral benefits, and a 'tramping' allowance for those needing to travel to find work. As the guild system of the [[City of London]] declined during the 17th century, the [[Livery Companies]] transformed into mutual assistance fraternities along such lines.

European guilds imposed long standardized periods of [[apprenticeship]], and made it difficult for those lacking the capital to set up for themselves or without the approval of their peers to gain access to materials or knowledge, or to sell into certain markets, an area that equally dominated the guilds' concerns. These are defining characteristics of [[mercantilism]] in economics, which dominated most European thinking about [[political economy]] until the rise of [[classical economics]].

The guild system survived the emergence of early [[Capitalism|capitalists]], which began to divide guild members into "haves" and dependent "have-nots". The civil struggles that characterize the 14th-century towns and cities were struggles in part between the greater guilds and the lesser artisanal guilds, which depended on [[piecework]]. "In Florence, they were openly distinguished: the ''Arti maggiori'' and the ''Arti minori''&mdash;already there was a ''popolo grasso'' and a ''popolo magro''".<ref>{{harvnb|Braudel|1992|p=316}}</ref> Fiercer struggles were those between essentially conservative guilds and the [[merchant]] class, which increasingly came to control the means of production and the capital that could be ventured in expansive schemes, often under the rules of guilds of their own. German social historians trace the ''Zunftrevolution'', the urban revolution of guildmembers against a controlling urban patriciate, sometimes reading into them, however, perceived foretastes of the class struggles of the 19th century.
[[File:Mendel I 072 v.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Locksmith]], 1451]]

In the countryside, where guild rules did not operate, there was freedom for the entrepreneur with capital to organize [[cottage industry]], a network of cottagers who spun and wove in their own premises on his account, provided with their raw materials, perhaps even their looms, by the capitalist who took a share of the profits. Such a dispersed system could not so easily be controlled where there was a vigorous local market for the raw materials: wool was easily available in sheep-rearing regions, whereas silk was not.

=== Organization ===
In [[Florence, Italy]], there were seven to twelve "greater guilds" and fourteen "lesser guilds". The most important of the greater guilds was that for judges and notaries, who handled the legal business of all the other guilds and often served as an arbitrator of disputes.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hibbert|first=Christopher|title=Florence: Biography of a City|publisher=The Folio Society|year=1993|pages=27}}</ref> Other greater guilds include the wool, silk, and the money changers' guilds. They prided themselves on a reputation for very high-quality work, which was rewarded with premium prices. The guilds fined members who deviated from standards. Other greater guilds included those of doctors, druggists, and furriers. Among the lesser guilds, were those for bakers, saddle makers, ironworkers and other artisans. They had a sizable membership, but lacked the political and social standing necessary to influence city affairs.<ref>{{cite book |first=Frank N. |last=Magill |title=Great Events from History: Ancient and Medieval Series: 951–1500 |publisher=Salem |volume=3 |year=1972 |pages=1303–7 }}</ref>
[[File:Windsorguildhall.jpg|thumb|left|One of the legacies of the guilds: the elevated [[Windsor Guildhall]] originated as a meeting place for guilds, as well as a magistrates' seat and [[town hall]].]]

The guild was made up by experienced and confirmed experts in their field of handicraft. They were called [[master craftsman|master craftsmen]]. Before a new employee could rise to the level of mastery, he had to go through a schooling period during which he was first called an [[apprenticeship]]. After this period he could rise to the level of [[journeyman]]. Apprentices would typically not learn more than the most basic techniques until they were trusted by their peers to keep the guild's or company's secrets.

Like ''journey'', the distance that could be travelled in a day, the title 'journeyman' derives from the French words for 'day' (''jour'' and ''journée'') from which came the middle English word ''journei''. Journeymen were able to work for other masters, unlike apprentices, and generally paid by the day and were thus day labourers. After being employed by a master for several years, and after producing a qualifying piece of work, the apprentice was granted the rank of journeyman and was given documents (letters or certificates from his master and/or the guild itself) which certified him as a journeyman and entitled him to travel to other towns and countries to learn the art from other masters. These journeys could span large parts of Europe and were an unofficial way of communicating new methods and techniques, though by no means all journeymen made such travels — they were most common in Germany and Italy, and in other countries journeymen from small cities would often visit the capital.<ref name=Ogilvie11>{{harvnb|Ogilvie|2011}}</ref>

[[File:Jan de Bray 002.jpg|right|upright=1.05|thumb|''[[Haarlem Guild of St. Luke|The Haarlem Painter's Guild]]'' in 1675, by [[Jan de Bray]]]]
After this journey and several years of experience, a journeyman could be received as master craftsman, though in some guilds this step could be made straight from apprentice. This would typically require the approval of all masters of a guild, a donation of money and other goods (often omitted for sons of existing members), and the production of a so-called "[[masterpiece]]", which would illustrate the abilities of the aspiring master craftsman; this was often retained by the guild.<ref>{{harvnb|Prak|2006}}</ref>

The medieval guild was established by charters or letters patent or similar authority by the city or the ruler and normally held a monopoly on trade in its craft within the city in which it operated: handicraft workers were forbidden by law to run any business if they were not members of a guild, and only masters were allowed to be members of a guild. Before these privileges were legislated, these groups of handicraft workers were simply called 'handicraft associations'.

The town authorities might be represented in the guild meetings and thus had a means of controlling the handicraft activities. This was important since towns very often depended on a good reputation for export of a narrow range of products, on which not only the guild's, but the town's, reputation depended. Controls on the association of physical locations to well-known exported products, e.g. wine from the [[Champagne, France|Champagne]] and [[Bordeaux]] regions of [[France]], tin-glazed earthenwares from certain cities in [[Holland]], [[lace]] from [[Chantilly, Oise|Chantilly]], etc., helped to establish a town's place in global commerce — this led to modern [[trademark]]s.

In many German and Italian cities, the more powerful guilds often had considerable political influence, and sometimes attempted to control the city authorities. In the 14th century, this led to numerous bloody uprisings, during which the guilds dissolved town councils and detained [[patricianship|patricians]] in an attempt to increase their influence. In fourteenth-century north-east Germany, people of [[Wends|Wend]]ish, i.e. [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]], origin were not allowed to join some guilds.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Situation with the Sorbs in the Past and Present|url=http://www.ifl-leipzig.com/fileadmin/daten/downloads/DOWNLOADCENTER/Publikationen/internationale%20Zusammenfassungen%20Europa%20Regional/2002/Heft2/en.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713003632/http://www.ifl-leipzig.com/fileadmin/daten/downloads/DOWNLOADCENTER/Publikationen/internationale%20Zusammenfassungen%20Europa%20Regional/2002/Heft2/en.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-13}}</ref> According to Wilhelm Raabe, ''"down into the eighteenth century no German guild accepted a Wend."''<ref>Raabe, p. 189.</ref>

==== Russian Empire ====
{{Main article|Merchant guild (Russian Empire)}}
During the [[Kievan Rus']], merchants were referred to one of three names based on the scale of their operation: the international or foreign trading ''gosti'' (literally, ''guests''), the local merchant ''kuptsy'', and the small commodity dealing ''torgovtsy''. By the end of the 16th century, the ''{{Interlanguage link|Gosti (merchant class)|lt=gosti|ru|Гость_(купечество)}}'' were integrated into the Muscovite hierarchy as heads of large corporations with certain obligations owed to and privileges extracted from the tsar with regional and local trade operating outside the capital conducted by the ''gostinnaya sotnya'' (lit. ''guests' hundred'') and the ''sukonnaya sotnya'' (''mercer's hundred'') respectively.

From the reforms of [[Peter the Great]] at the beginning of the 18th century until the [[Decree on the Abolition of Estates and Civil Ranks|Decree on the Abolition of Estates]], these divisions were organized hierarchically into three classes registered with the state for a fee and enjoining privileges to trade in certain areas and goods. Membership was exclusive to men and was not automatically hereditarily conferred; relatives were afforded special recognition to conduct business on the behalf of the guild member until their death with adult male children having to earn their own membership. The Manifesto of March 17, 1775 further defined capital requirements for each rank.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baron |first=Samuel Haskell |url=https://archive.org/details/muscoviterussiac0000baro/mode/2up |title=Muscovite Russia : collected essays |date=1980 |publisher=London : Variorum Reprints |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-86078-063-2 |pages=VI}}</ref>

=== Fall of the guilds ===
[[Sheilagh Ogilvie|Ogilvie]] (2004) argues that guilds negatively affected quality, skills, and innovation. Through what economists now call "[[rent-seeking]]" they imposed deadweight losses on the economy. Ogilvie argues they generated limited positive externalities and notes that industry began to flourish only after the guilds faded away. Guilds persisted over the centuries because they redistributed resources to politically powerful merchants. On the other hand, Ogilvie agrees, guilds created "social capital" of shared norms, common information, mutual sanctions, and collective political action. This social capital benefited guild members, even as it arguably hurt outsiders.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Sheilagh |last=Ogilvie |title=Guilds, efficiency, and social capital: evidence from German proto-industry |journal=Economic History Review |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=286–333 |date=May 2004 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2004.00279.x |s2cid=154328341 |url=https://www.cesifo-group.de/DocDL/cesifo_wp820.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427035630/http://www.cesifo-group.de/DocDL/cesifo_wp820.pdf |archive-date=2019-04-27 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Tinguild.jpg|thumb|right|An example of the last of the British Guilds meeting rooms {{circa|1820}}]]
The guild system became a target of much criticism towards the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century. Critics argued that they hindered [[free trade]] and [[technological innovation]], [[technology transfer]] and [[business development]]. According to several accounts of this time, guilds became increasingly involved in simple territorial struggles against each other and against free practitioners of their arts.

Two of the most outspoken critics of the guild system were [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] and [[Adam Smith]], and all over Europe a tendency to oppose government control over trades in favour of [[laissez-faire]] [[free market]] systems grew rapidly and made its way into the political and legal systems. Many people who participated in the French Revolution saw guilds as a last remnant of [[feudalism]]. The [[d'Allarde Law]] of 2 March 1791 suppressed the guilds in France.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Soboul |first1=Alfred |title=The French Revolution 1787-1799 |date=1989 |publisher=Unwin Hyman |location=London |page=190}}</ref> In 1803 the Napoleonic Code banned any coalition of workmen whatsoever.<ref name="Graves1939">{{cite book|author=Sally Graves|title=A History of Socialism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J9tGAAAAIAAJ|year=1939|publisher=Hogarth Press|page=35}}</ref> Smith wrote in ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'' (Book I, Chapter X, paragraph 72):

{{blockquote|It is to prevent this reduction of price, and consequently of wages and profit, by restraining that free competition which would most certainly occasion it, that all corporations, and the greater part of corporation laws, have been established. (...) and when any particular class of artificers or traders thought proper to act as a corporation without a charter, such adulterine guilds, as they were called, were not always disfranchised upon that account, but obliged to fine annually to the king for permission to exercise their usurped privileges.}}

[[Karl Marx]] in his ''[[The Communist Manifesto|Communist Manifesto]]'' also criticized the guild system for its rigid gradation of social rank and what he saw as the relation of oppressor and oppressed entailed by this system. It was the 18th and 19th centuries that saw the beginning of the low regard in which some people hold the guilds to this day. In part due to their own inability to control unruly [[corporation|corporate]] behavior, the tide of public opinion turned against the guilds.

Because of industrialization and modernization of the trade and industry, and the rise of powerful nation-states that could directly issue [[patent]] and [[copyright]] protections &mdash; often revealing the [[trade secret]]s &mdash; the guilds' power faded. After the [[French Revolution]] they gradually fell in most European nations over the course of the 19th century, as the guild system was disbanded and replaced by laws that promoted free trade. As a consequence of the decline of guilds, many former handicraft workers were forced to seek employment in the emerging manufacturing industries, using not closely guarded techniques formerly protected by guilds, but rather the standardized methods controlled by [[corporation]]s.
Interest in the medieval guild system was revived during the late 19th century, among far-right circles. Fascism in Italy (among other countries) implemented [[Corporatism#Fascist corporatism|corporatism]], operating at the national rather than city level, to try to imitate the corporatism of the Middle Ages.

=== Influence ===
[[File:Shoemaker Book of Trades.png|thumb|upright=0.9|[[Shoemaker]]s, 1568]]
Guilds are sometimes said to be the precursors of modern [[cartel]]s.<ref>Holm A. Leonhardt: ''Kartelltheorie und Internationale Beziehungen. Theoriegeschichtliche Studien'', Hildesheim&nbsp;2013, p.&nbsp;79.</ref> Guilds, however, can also be seen as a set of self-employed skilled craftsmen with ownership and control over the materials and tools they needed to produce their goods. Some argue that guilds operated more like [[cartels]] than they were like trade unions (Olson 1982). However, the journeymen organizations, which were at the time illegal,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bakliwal |first1=V.K. |title=Production and Operation Management |date=March 18, 2011|publisher=Pinnacle Technology, 2011 |isbn=9788189472733}}</ref> may have been influential.

The exclusive privilege of a guild to produce certain goods or provide certain services was similar in spirit and character to the original [[patent]] systems that surfaced in England in 1624. These systems played a role in ending the guilds' dominance, as [[trade secret]] methods were superseded by modern firms directly revealing their techniques, and counting on the state to enforce their legal [[monopoly]].

Some guild traditions still remain in a few handicrafts, in Europe especially among [[shoemaker]]s and [[barber]]s. These are, however, not very important economically except as reminders of the responsibilities of some trades toward the public.

Modern [[antitrust]] law could be said to derive in some ways from the original statutes by which the guilds were abolished in Europe.

=== Economic consequences ===
The economic consequences of guilds have led to heated debates among economic historians. On the one side, scholars say that since merchant guilds persisted over long periods they must have been efficient institutions (since inefficient institutions die out). Others say they persisted not because they benefited the entire economy but because they benefited the owners, who used political power to protect them. Ogilvie (2011) says they regulated trade for their own benefit, were monopolies, distorted markets, fixed prices, and restricted entrance into the guild.<ref name=Ogilvie11/> Ogilvie (2008) argues that their long apprenticeships were unnecessary to acquire skills, and their conservatism reduced the rate of innovation and made the society poorer. She says their main goal was [[rent seeking]], that is, to shift money to the membership at the expense of the entire economy.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Sheilagh C. |last=Ogilvie |title=Rehabilitating the Guilds: A Reply |journal=Economic History Review |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=175–182 |date=February 2008 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2007.00417.x |s2cid=154741942 }}</ref>

Epstein and Prak's book (2008) rejects Ogilvie's conclusions.<ref>{{harvnb|Epstein|Prak|2008}}</ref> Specifically, Epstein argues that guilds were cost-sharing rather than rent-seeking institutions. They located and matched masters and likely apprentices through monitored learning. Whereas the acquisition of craft skills required experience-based learning, he argues that this process necessitated many years in apprenticeship.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Stephan R. |last=Epstein |title=Craft Guilds, Apprenticeship, and Technological Change in Preindustrial Europe |journal=Journal of Economic History |volume=58 |issue= 3|pages=684–713 |date=September 1998 |doi=10.1017/S0022050700021124 |s2cid=154609939 }}</ref>

The extent to which guilds were able to monopolize markets is also debated.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Richardson G. |title=A Tale of Two Theories: Monopolies and Craft Guilds in Medieval England and Modern Imagination |journal=Journal of the History of Economic Thought |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=217–242 |date=June 2001 |doi=10.1080/10427710120049237 |s2cid=13298305 }}</ref>

====Product quality====
Guilds were often heavily concerned with product quality. The regulations they established on their own members' work, as well as targeting non-guild members for illicit practice, was to create a standard of work that the consumer could rely on. They were heavily concerned with public perception. In October 1712, the Lyon Wigmaker Guild petitioned the local police magistrates. According to this petition, guildmasters required guild officers to step up policing of statutes forbidding the use of bleached hair or wild goat and lamb hair. The real concern that they had was that bleaching hair destroyed the quality of the wig, making it too thin to style. Guild officers pointed out that if the consumer discovers the bad quality, the guild would be blamed, and the consumer would search elsewhere to purchase goods.<ref name="gayne" />