Editing Guinea (section)

== History ==
{{Main|History of Guinea}}
{{more citations needed|section|date=September 2018}}<!--two subsections and several other paragraphs have no citations-->

The land that is now Guinea either bordered or was situated within a series of historic African empires before the French arrived in the 1890s and claimed the terrain as part of colonial [[French West Africa]]. Guinea declared independence from France on 2 October 1958. From independence until the [[Guinean presidential election, 2010|presidential election]] of 2010, Guinea was governed by multiple [[Autocracy|autocratic]] rulers.<ref>
{{cite web
| last = Zounmenou
| first = David
| title = Guinea: Hopes for Reform Dashed Again
| publisher = allAfrica.com
| date = 2 January 2009
| url = http://allafrica.com/stories/200901020524.html
| access-date = 27 December 2009
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090111161633/http://allafrica.com/stories/200901020524.html
| archive-date = 11 January 2009
| url-status = live
| df = dmy-all
}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_GIN.html |title=UN Human Development Report 2009 |publisher=Hdrstats.undp.org |access-date=28 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413190650/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_GIN.html |archive-date=13 April 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ross |first=Will |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7647962.stm |title=Africa {{pipe}} Guineans mark '50 years of poverty' |work=BBC News|date=2 October 2008 |access-date=28 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610090758/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7647962.stm |archive-date=10 June 2010 |url-status=live  }}</ref>

=== West African empires and kingdoms ===
{{main|Imamate of Futa Jallon|Wassoulou Empire}}

What is now Guinea sat on the fringes of various West African empires. The earliest, the [[Ghana Empire]], grew on trade and ultimately fell after repeated incursions of the [[Almoravids]]. It was in this period that Islam first arrived in the region by way of North African traders. The [[Sosso Empire]] came and stayed from 12th to 13th centuries; later, the [[Mali Empire]] came when [[Sundiata Keita|Soundiata Kéïta]] defeated the Sosso ruler [[Soumaoro Kanté|Soumangourou Kanté]] at the [[Battle of Kirina]] in {{circa|1235}}. The Mali Empire was ruled by [[Mansa (title)|Mansa]] (Emperors), including [[Musa I of Mali|Kankou Moussa]], who made a [[hajj]] to Mecca in 1324. After his reign, the Mali Empire began to decline and was ultimately supplanted by its [[vassal]] states in the 15th century.

The [[Songhai Empire]] expanded its power in about 1460. It continued to prosper until a civil war, over succession, followed the death of [[Askia Daoud]] in 1582. The empire [[Moroccan invasion of the Songhai Empire|fell to invaders]] from [[Morocco]] in 1591, but the kingdom later split into smaller kingdoms. After the fall of some of the West African empires, various kingdoms existed in what is now Guinea. [[Fulani]] Muslims migrated to [[Futa Jallon]] in Central Guinea, and established an Islamic state from 1727 to 1896 with a written constitution and alternate rulers. The [[Wassoulou Empire|Wassoulou or Wassulu Empire]] (1878–1898) was led by [[Samori Ture|Samori Toure]] in the predominantly [[Mandinka people|Malinké]] area of what is now upper Guinea and southwestern [[Mali]] (Wassoulou). It moved to [[Ivory Coast]] before being conquered by the French.

=== Colony ===
European traders competed for the cape trade from the 17th century onward and made inroads earlier.<ref>"John Lovell". in ''The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1558–1603'', ed. P.W. Hasler, 1981. [http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1558-1603/member/lovell-john History of Parliament Online website] Retrieved 25 September 2021.</ref><ref>"America and West Indies: October 1653." ''Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies'': Volume 1, 1574–1660. Ed. W Noel Sainsbury. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1860. 409–410. [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/colonial/america-west-indies/vol1/pp409-410 British History Online website] Retrieved 25 September 2021.</ref> Guinea's colonial period began with French military penetration into the area, and its establishment as a colony on 17 December 1891.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Guinea - Guinea - French Colony |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/africa/gn-history-2.htm |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=www.globalsecurity.org}}</ref> As a result of various troubles, France occupied Timbo, the capital of Fouta, in 1896, and a definitive treaty was signed in 1897. The defeat of the armies of [[Samori Touré]], Mansa (or Emperor) of the [[Ouassoulou]] state and leader of Malinké descent, in 1898 gave France control of what today is Guinea and adjacent areas. The boundaries of the South Rivers were fixed in 1899.<ref name=":2" />

France negotiated Guinea's present boundaries in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with the British for [[Sierra Leone]], the Portuguese for their Guinea colony (now [[Guinea-Bissau]]), and [[Liberia]]. Under the French, the country formed the [[French Guinea|Territory of Guinea]] within [[French West Africa]], administered by a governor general resident in [[Dakar]]. Lieutenant governors administered the individual colonies, including Guinea.

[[File:Ahmed Sékou Touré na obisku v Ljubljani 1961 (3).jpg|thumb|President [[Ahmed Sékou Touré]] was supported by Communist states and, in 1961, visited [[Yugoslavia]].]]
In 1958, the [[French Fourth Republic]] collapsed due to political instability and its failures in dealing with its colonies, especially [[Indochina]] and [[Algeria]]. The [[French Fifth Republic]] gave the colonies the choice of [[Autonomous entity|autonomy]] in a new [[French Community]] or immediate independence in the [[1958 Guinean constitutional referendum|referendum]] of 28 September 1958. Guinea voted overwhelmingly for independence. It was led by [[Ahmed Sékou Touré]], whose [[Democratic Party of Guinea-African Democratic Rally]] (PDG) had won 56 of 60 seats in the 1957 territorial elections.

The French later withdrew, and on 2 October 1958, Guinea proclaimed itself a sovereign and independent republic, with Sékou Touré as president. Later, [[Opération Persil]] was planned by [[Jacques Foccart]]; they planned to create large quantities of forged [[Guinean franc]]s to [[Hyperinflation|hyperinflate]] Guinea's economy and to arm Touré's opposition figures.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Gladstein |first1=Alex |last2=Keita |first2=Mohamed |date=2024-10-16 |title=Macron Isn't So Post-Colonial After All |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/08/03/macron-france-cfa-franc-eco-west-central-africa-colonialism-monetary-policy-bitcoin/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> However, the operation was leaked, and soon, the Guinean was issuing a number of official complaints.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Le Gatt |first=Louise |date=2018-12-20 |title=La déstabilisation en Afrique : opérations secrètes pour la préservation du "pré carré" africain francophone |trans-title=Destabilization in Africa: Secret Operations for the Preservation of the French-speaking African "Private Preserve" |url=https://www.isd.sorbonneonu.fr/blog/la-destabilisation-en-afrique-operations-secretes/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=Le blog d'ISD |language=fr-FR}}</ref>

=== Post-colonial ===

==== Under Touré's rule ====
In 1960, Touré declared the [[Democratic Party of Guinea – African Democratic Rally|Democratic Party of Guinea]] the country's only legal political party, and for the next 24 years, the government and PDG were one. Touré was re-elected unopposed to four 7-year terms as president, and every 5 years voters were presented with a single list of PDG candidates for the National Assembly.

On 22 November 1970, Portuguese forces from neighbouring [[Portuguese Guinea]] staged [[Operation Green Sea]], a raid on Conakry by several hundred exiled Guinean opposition forces. Among their goals, the Portuguese military wanted to kill or capture Sekou Touré due to his support of [[PAIGC]], an independence movement and rebel group that had carried out attacks inside Portuguese Guinea from their bases in Guinea.<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 22, 1980 |title=Black revolt |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/1980/11/22/black-revolt |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-10-11 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> After some fighting, the Portuguese-backed forces retreated. Guinea was elected as a non-permanent member of the [[United Nations Security Council|UN Security Council]] 1972–73.

In 1977, a declining economy and a ban on all private economic transactions led to the [[Guinean Market Women's Revolt|Market Women's Revolt]], a series of anti-government riots started by women working in Conakry's [[Marché Madina (Conakry)|Madina Market]]. Touré vacillated from supporting the Soviet Union to supporting the United States. The late 1970s and early 1980s saw some economic reforms. After the election of [[Valéry Giscard d'Estaing]] as French president, trade increased and the two countries exchanged diplomatic visits.

==== Under Conté's rule ====
Sékou Touré died on 26 March 1984 after a heart operation in the United States, and was replaced by Prime Minister [[Louis Lansana Beavogui]], who was to serve as interim president, pending new elections. PDG was due to elect a new leader on 3 April 1984. Under the constitution, that person would have been the only candidate for president. Hours before that meeting, Colonels [[Lansana Conté]] and [[Diarra Traoré]] seized power in a [[1984 Guinean coup d'état|bloodless coup]]. Conté assumed the role of president, with Traoré serving as prime minister, until December.
[[File:President Jimmy Carter with President Ahmed Sǩou Tour ̌of Guinea.jpg|thumb|U.S. President [[Jimmy Carter]] welcoming [[Ahmed Sékou Touré]] outside the White House, Washington, D.C., 1979]]

Conté denounced the previous regime's record on human rights, releasing 250 political prisoners and encouraging approximately 200 thousand more to return from exile. He made explicit the turn away from socialism. In 1992, Conté announced a return to civilian rule, with a presidential poll in 1993, followed by elections to parliament in 1995 (in which his party—the [[Unity and Progress Party|Party of Unity and Progress]]—won 71 of 114 seats). In September 2001, the opposition leader [[Alpha Condé]] was imprisoned for endangering state security and pardoned 8 months later. Subsequently, he spent time in exile in France.

In 2001, Conté organized and won a referendum to lengthen the presidential term, and in 2003, began his third term after elections were boycotted by the opposition. In January 2005, Conté survived a suspected assassination attempt while making a public appearance in Conakry. His opponents claimed that he was a "tired dictator",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guinea-forum.org/Analyses/index.asp?ana=28&Lang=A |title=Welcome Guinea Forum: Cornered, General Lansana Conte can only hope |access-date=23 July 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616165043/http://www.guinea-forum.org/Analyses/index.asp?ana=28&Lang=A |archive-date=16 June 2007 }}</ref> whose departure was inevitable, whereas his supporters believed that he was winning a battle with dissidents. According to ''[[Foreign Policy]]'', Guinea was in danger of becoming a [[failed state]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=4350 | title=Failed States list 2008 | publisher=Fund for Peace | access-date=27 June 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626091027/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=4350 | archive-date=26 June 2008 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

In 2000, Guinea suffered as rebels crossed the borders from [[Liberia]] and [[Sierra Leone]]. Some thought that the country was headed towards a civil war.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/986375.stm |work=BBC News| title=Civil war fears in Guinea | date=23 October 2000 | access-date=2 April 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040619115730/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/986375.stm | archive-date=19 June 2004 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Conté blamed neighbouring leaders for coveting Guinea's natural resources, and these claims were denied.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1102574.stm |work=BBC News| title=Guinea head blames neighbours | date=6 January 2001 | access-date=2 April 2010}}</ref> In 2003, Guinea agreed to plans with her neighbours to tackle the insurgents. The [[2007 Guinean general strike]] resulted in the appointment of a new prime minister.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aspr.ac.at/epu/research/rp_0307.pdf |title=Austrian Study Centre for Peace and Conflict Resolution (ASPR) {{pipe}} Peace Castle Austria |publisher=ASPR |access-date=9 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615021433/http://www.aspr.ac.at/epu/research/rp_0307.pdf |archive-date=15 June 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==== Political violence and Ebola outbreak ====
Conté remained in power until his death on 23 December 2008.<ref>
{{cite news
| last = McGreal
| first = Chris
| title = Lansana Conté profile: Death of an African 'Big Man'
| work = The Guardian
| location = London
| date = 23 December 2008
| url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/23/lansana-conte-profile
| access-date = 23 December 2009
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130905092810/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/23/lansana-conte-profile
| archive-date = 5 September 2013
| url-status = live
| df = dmy-all
}}
</ref> Several hours after his death, [[Moussa Dadis Camara]] seized control in a [[2008 Guinean coup d'état|coup]], declaring himself head of a [[military junta]].<ref>
{{cite news
| last = Walker
| first = Peter
| title = Army steps in after Guinea president Lansana Conté dies
| work = The Guardian
| location = London
| date = 23 December 2008
| url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/23/guinea-dictator-lansana-conte-dies
| access-date = 23 December 2009
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090826134854/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/dec/23/guinea-dictator-lansana-conte-dies
| archive-date = 26 August 2009
| url-status = live
| df = dmy-all
}}
</ref> Protests against the coup became violent, and 157 people were killed when, on 28 September 2009, the junta ordered its soldiers to attack people gathered to protest Camara's attempt to become president.<ref>
{{cite news
| title = Guinea massacre toll put at 157
| publisher = BBC
| date = 29 September 2009
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8280603.stm
| access-date = 23 December 2009
| location = London
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091002232605/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8280603.stm
| archive-date = 2 October 2009
| url-status = live
| df = dmy-all
}}
</ref> The soldiers went on a rampage of rape, mutilation, and murder, which caused some foreign governments to withdraw their support for the new regime.<ref name = "NYT">
{{cite news
| last = MacFarquhar
| first = Neil
| title = U.N. Panel Calls for Court in Guinea Massacre
| work = The New York Times
| date = 21 December 2009
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/22/world/africa/22guinea.html
| access-date = 23 December 2009
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110511215744/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/22/world/africa/22guinea.html
| archive-date = 11 May 2011
| url-status = live
| df = dmy-all
}}
</ref>

On 3 December 2009, an aide shot Camara during a dispute over the rampage in September. Camara went to Morocco for medical care.<ref name = "NYT"/><ref>{{cite web
| title = Guinean soldiers look for ruler's dangerous rival
| publisher = malaysianews.net
| date = 5 December 2009
| url = http://www.malaysianews.net/story/573838
| access-date = 23 December 2009
| url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110723202201/http://www.malaysianews.net/story/573838
| archive-date = 23 July 2011
| df = dmy-all
}}</ref> Vice-president (and defense minister) [[Sékouba Konaté]] flew from [[Lebanon]] to run the country.<ref>[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-12/16/content_12658142.htm Guinea's presidential guard explains assassination motive] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910102918/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-12/16/content_12658142.htm |date=10 September 2013 }}. [[Xinhua News Agency]]. 16 December 2009.</ref> After meeting in [[Ouagadougou]] on 13 and 14 January 2010, Camara, Konaté and [[Blaise Compaoré]], President of [[Burkina Faso]], produced a formal statement of 12 principles promising a return of Guinea to civilian rule within six months.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Signature, à Ouagadougou, d'un accord de sortie de crise. (French)|date=17 January 2010|work=Le Monde}}</ref> The presidential election of 27 June<ref>[http://www.afrol.com/articles/35415 afrol News – Election date for Guinea proposed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729195210/http://afrol.com/articles/35415 |date=29 July 2014 }}. Afrol.com. Retrieved 28 June 2011.</ref><ref name="transitional">[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2010-01/16/content_12820272.htm Guinea to hold presidential elections in six months _English_Xinhua] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910075348/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2010-01/16/content_12820272.htm |date=10 September 2013 }}. News.xinhuanet.com (16 January 2010). Retrieved 28 June 2011.</ref> brought allegations of fraud, and a second election was held on 7 November.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-10920366 |work=BBC News| title=Guinea sets date for presidential run-off vote | date=9 August 2010 | access-date=21 July 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127043659/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-10920366 | archive-date=27 November 2018 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Voter turnout was "high", and the elections went "relatively smoothly".<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11705147 "Guinea sees big turnout in presidential run-off poll", BBC (7 November 2010)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031162511/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11705147 |date=31 October 2018 }}. BBC.co.uk (7 November 2010). Retrieved 28 June 2011.</ref> [[Alpha Condé]], leader of the opposition party [[Rally of the Guinean People]] (RGP), won the election, promising to reform the security sector and review mining contracts.<ref>[http://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/conde-declared-victorious-in-guinea-1.831341 Conde declared victorious in Guinea – Africa | IOL News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919135917/http://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/conde-declared-victorious-in-guinea-1.831341 |date=19 September 2014 }}. IOL.co.za (16 November 2010). Retrieved 28 June 2011.</ref>

In February 2013, [[2013 Guinea clashes|political violence erupted]] after street protests over the transparency of the upcoming [[2013 Guinean parliamentary election|May elections]]. The protests were fueled by the opposition coalition's decision to step down from the elections in protest of the lack of transparency in the preparations for elections.<ref name="Rone">{{cite news| title=Guinea opposition pulls out of legislative elections process| work=Reuters| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/guinea-elections-opposition-idUSL6N0BO39F20130224| date=24 February 2013| access-date=1 July 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123142620/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/24/guinea-elections-opposition-idUSL6N0BO39F20130224| archive-date=23 November 2015| url-status=live| df=dmy-all}}</ref> Nine people were killed during the protests, and around 220 were injured. Some deaths and injuries were caused by security forces using live ammunition on protesters.<ref name="Reuters">{{cite news| title= Security forces break up Guinea opposition funeral march| work= Reuters| url= http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-guinea-clashes-idUKBRE92714Z20130308| date= 8 March 2013| access-date= 19 March 2013| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130424162533/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2013/03/08/uk-guinea-clashes-idUKBRE92714Z20130308| archive-date= 24 April 2013| url-status= dead| df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Rtwo">{{cite news| title=Two more killed in Guinea as protests spread| author=Daniel Flynn| work=Reuters| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/guinea-clashes-idUSL6N0BXK3S20130305| date=5 March 2013| access-date=1 July 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123183111/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/05/guinea-clashes-idUSL6N0BXK3S20130305| archive-date=23 November 2015| url-status=live| df=dmy-all}}</ref> The violence led to ethnic clashes between the [[Malinke]] and [[Fula people|Fula]], who supported and opposed President Condé, respectively.<ref>{{cite web| title=Ethnic Clashes Erupt in Guinea Capital| agency=Reuters| publisher=Voice of America| url=https://www.voanews.com/a/ethnic-clashes-erupt-in-guinea-capital-reuters/1613697.html| date=1 March 2013| access-date=19 March 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231000521/http://www.voanews.com/content/ethnic-clashes-erupt-in-guinea-capital-reuters/1613697.html| archive-date=31 December 2013| url-status=live| df=dmy-all}}</ref> On 26 March 2013, the opposition party backed out of negotiations with the government over the election, saying that the government had not respected them, and had broken all agreements.<ref>{{cite news| title=Guinea election talks fail, opposition threatens protests| author=Bate Felix| work=Reuters| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-guinea-election-idUSBRE92P11320130326| date=26 March 2013| access-date=1 July 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924180316/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/26/us-guinea-election-idUSBRE92P11320130326| archive-date=24 September 2015| url-status=live| df=dmy-all}}</ref>[[File:Acte2 FNDC.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|The [[2019–2020 Guinean protests]] against the rule of [[Alpha Condé]]]]
On 25 March 2014, the [[World Health Organization]] stated that [[Ministry of Health (Guinea)|Guinea's Ministry of Health]] had reported [[Ebola virus epidemic in Guinea|an outbreak]] of [[Ebola virus disease]] in Guinea. This initial outbreak had 86 cases, including 59 deaths. By 28 May, there were 281 cases, with 186 deaths.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/guinea/recent_updates.html |title=Previous Updates: 2014 West Africa Outbreak |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=23 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924145152/http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/guinea/recent_updates.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is believed that the first case was Emile Ouamouno, a two-year-old boy in the village of [[Meliandou]]. He fell ill on 2 December 2013 and died on 6 December.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2014/10/28/health/ebola-patient-zero/index.html|title=Ebola: Patient zero was a toddler in Guinea – CNN|date=28 October 2014|publisher=CNN|access-date=23 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007030130/http://edition.cnn.com/2014/10/28/health/ebola-patient-zero/index.html|archive-date=7 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 18 September 2014, eight members of an Ebola education health care team [[Womey Massacre|were murdered]] by villagers in the town of [[Womey]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/arrests-made-in-killings-of-guinea-ebola-education-team-1411144837|title=Arrests Made in Killings of Guinea Ebola Education Team|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=19 September 2014|access-date=23 November 2015}}{{Dead link|date=January 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> As of 1 November 2015, there had been 3,810 cases and 2,536 deaths in Guinea.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://apps.who.int/ebola/current-situation/ebola-situation-report-4-november-2015| title=Ebola Situation Report – 4 November 2015| publisher=World Health Organization| access-date=23 November 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201230645/http://apps.who.int/ebola/current-situation/ebola-situation-report-4-november-2015| archive-date=1 December 2015| url-status=dead| df=dmy-all}}</ref>

[[2019–2020 Guinean protests|Mass civil unrest and violent protests broke out]] against the rule of Alpha Conde on 14 October 2019, against constitutional changes. More than 800 were killed in clashes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Timeline: A year of bloody protests in Guinea|date=14 October 2020|agency=Al Jazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/10/14/timeline-a-year-of-bloody-protests-in-guinea}}</ref> After the [[2020 Guinean presidential election]], Alpha Condé's election to a third term was challenged by the opposition, who accused him of fraud. Condé claimed a [[2020 Guinean constitutional referendum|constitutional referendum from March 2020]] allowed him to run despite the 2-term limit.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54657359 |title=Guinea elections: Alpha Condé wins third term amid violent protests |work=BBC News |date=24 October 2020 |access-date=23 July 2021 }}</ref>

==== Under military rule ====
On 5 September 2021, after hours of gunfire near the presidential palace, Lieutenant Colonel [[Mamady Doumbouya]] seized control of state television and declared that President [[Alpha Condé|Alpha Conde]]'s government had been dissolved and the nation's borders closed.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-05|title=Army colonel on Guinean TV says govt dissolved, borders shut|url=https://apnews.com/article/africa-guinea-army-government-dissolved-214f607402a533c581bbd7ef91d5bb0f|access-date=2021-09-05|website=AP NEWS|language=en}}</ref> By the evening, the putschists had declared control of all of Conakry and the country's armed forces. According to ''Guinée Matin'', by 6 September, the military fully controlled the state administration and started to replace the civil administration with its military counterpart.<ref>{{Cite web|last=ICI.Radio-Canada.ca|first=Zone International-|title=Coup d'État en Guinée, le président Alpha Condé capturé par les putschistes|url=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1821827/guinee-afrique-pustsh-coup-armee|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Radio-Canada.ca|date=5 September 2021 |language=fr-ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Guineematin|date=2021-09-06|title=Changement de pouvoir en Guinée : Lamine Keïta remplace Mohamed Gharé au gouvernorat de N'Zérékoré|url=https://guineematin.com/changement-de-pouvoir-en-guinee-lamine-keita-remplace-mohamed-ghare-au-gouvernorat-de-nzerekore/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Guinée Matin – Les Nouvelles de la Guinée profonde|language=fr-FR}}</ref> The [[United Nations]], [[European Union]], [[African Union]], [[ECOWAS]] (which suspended Guinea's membership), and [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|La Francophonie]] denounced the coup, and called for President Condé's unconditional release. Similar responses came from some neighboring and Western countries (including the [[United States]]),<ref name="leaders_due_in_guinea_2021_09_09_reuters">[https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/west-african-leaders-due-guinea-post-coup-calm-pervades-conakry-2021-09-09/ "West African leaders due in Guinea as post-coup calm pervades Conakry,"] 9 September 2021, [[Reuters News Service]], retrieved 9 September 2021</ref><ref name="leaders_suspend_guinea_2021_09_08_bbc">[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58487925 "West African leaders suspend Guinea from Ecowas following coup,"] 9 September 2021, [[BBC News]], retrieved 9 September 2021</ref><ref name="china_is_ok_2021_09_foreign_policy">[https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/09/08/china-guinea-interference-relations-alpha-conde-xi-jinping/ "China Is OK With Interfering in Guinea's Internal Affairs,"], 8 September 2021, ''[[Foreign Policy]]'' retrieved 9 September 2021</ref> and from [[China]] (which relies on Guinea for half of its aluminum ore, facilitated by its connections to President Condé).<ref name="china_is_ok_2021_09_foreign_policy" /> Despite these, on 1 October 2021, Mamady Doumbouya was sworn in as interim president.<ref>{{cite news |title=Guinea coup leader sworn in as interim president |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/1/guinea-coup-mamady-doumbouya-interim |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref>

On 11 May 2023, at least seven people were shot dead in anti-government demonstrations in cities across Guinea. The anti-government movement became involved in peaceful protests and called on rulers to end military rule in Guinea and transition the country to democracy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 11, 2023 |title=Anti-government riots flare in Guinea after seven reported dead |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/least-seven-killed-guinea-anti-government-protests-organisers-say-2023-05-11/ |website=Reuters}}</ref> On 18 December 2023, an [[Conakry oil depot explosion|explosion occurred]] at the country's main oil depot in Conakry, killing 24 people and causing extensive fuel shortages in the country in the following weeks.<ref>{{cite news |title=Clashes in Guinea over fuel supply after oil depot blast kills at least 23 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20231222-clashes-over-fuel-supply-after-explosion-and-fire-at-oil-terminal |work=France 24 |date=22 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Existing civil and economic unrest in the country temporarily worsened as a result, with several confrontations between protestors and police in Conakry, increased fuel and travel costs, and general price inflation throughout the country.<ref>{{cite news |title=Guinea's suppression of protests stokes anger against military |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/25/guineas-suppression-of-protests-stokes-anger-against-military |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

Doumbouya, initially set 31 December 2024 as the deadline to launch a democratic transition. But he missed the deadline, leading to protests and criticism from activists and the opposition. Under pressure, he promised in his New Year’s message that a decree for the constitutional referendum would be signed. Authorities have further added that all elections would be held in 2025, without committing to a particular date.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-10-01 |title=Guinée : Mamadi Doumbouya devient officiellement chef de l'État |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1243651/politique/guinee-mamadi-doumbouya-devient-officiellement-chef-de-letat/ |access-date=2021-10-01 |website=Jeune Afrique |language=fr}}</ref> A [[2025 Guinean constitutional referendum|constitutional referendum]] is scheduled to be held on 21 September 2025,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-02 |title=Guinea sets a date in September for a key referendum that would launch a return to democracy |url=https://apnews.com/article/guinea-referendum-constitution-democracy-9e3a365dbc724cd006774c9f5a015fc4 |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> which would establish a new constitution replacing the one approved in [[2020 Guinean constitutional referendum|2020]] and mark the first step towards civilian rule.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2025-04-02 |title=Guinea's junta sets September vote on new constitution after missed deadline |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/africa/20250402-guinea-junta-sets-september-vote-on-new-constitution-after-missed-deadline |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref>