Editing Gyeongju (section)

== Geography and climate ==
[[File:Korea-Gyeongju-Seokguram-13.jpg|thumb|alt=A distant view of a wooden shrine surrounded by a thick forest on the slopes of a mountain in autumn.|[[Seokguram]] grotto on the slopes of [[Tohamsan]]<ref>Kang and Lee (2006), p.59</ref>]]

Gyeongju lies in the southeastern corner of North Gyeongsang Province, and is bounded by the metropolitan city of [[Ulsan]] on the south. Within the province, its neighbors include [[Pohang]] on the north, [[Cheongdo County]] on the southwest, and [[Yeongcheon]] on the northwest.<ref name="EncyKorea Gyeongju 1" /> Gyeongju is located about {{convert|50|km|mi|sp=us}} north of [[Busan]].<ref name="Xinhua" /> To the east, it has no neighbor but the sea.<ref name="EncyKorea Gyeongju 1" />

Most of Gyeongju lies in the [[Gyeongsang Basin]], but a few areas of the city belong to the [[Pohang Basin]], such as Eoil-ri and Beomgok-ri in [[Yangbuk-myeon]], and part of [[Cheonbuk-myeon, Gyeongju|Cheonbuk-myeon]]. The Gyeongsang Basin areas consist of Bulguksa intrusive rock penetrating layers of [[sedimentary rock]]s, mainly [[granite]] and [[Porphyry (geology)|porphyry]]. By contrast, the Pohang Basin areas are made up of [[stratum]] that formed in the [[Tertiary]] period of the [[Cenozoic era]], which consists of [[igneous rock]], [[aqueous rock]], porphyry, [[sandstone]], and [[tuff]].<ref name="Encyber City">{{cite web |url=http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=11233&contentno=11233 |title=경주시 Gyeongju-si 慶州市 |publisher=[[Doosan Encyclopedia]] |language=ko |access-date=2009-08-08 }}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Low mountains are widespread throughout Gyeongju. The highest of these are the [[Taebaek Mountains]], which run along the city's western border. Gyeongju's highest point, [[Munboksan]] ({{Korean|hangul=문복산|labels=no}}), is {{convert|1015|m|ft|sp=us}} above [[sea level]]. This peak lies in [[Sannae-myeon, Gyeongju|Sannae-myeon]], on the border with [[Cheongdo County|Cheongdo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=237482&v=43 |script-title=ko:문복산 (文福山) |trans-title=Munbok Mountain (''Munboksan'') |publisher=Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |language=ko |access-date=2009-08-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610054032/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=237482&v=43 |archive-date=2011-06-10 }}</ref> East of the Taebaek range, other western peaks such as Danseok Mountain lie within the [[Jusa Mountains|Jusa]] subrange.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?i=234633 |script-title=ko:경주부산성 (慶州富山城) |trans-title=Gyeongju Busanseong |publisher=Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |language=ko |access-date=2009-08-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610054221/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?i=234633 |archive-date=2011-06-10 }}</ref> The city's eastern peaks, including [[Tohamsan]], belong to the Haean Mountains and [[Dongdae Mountains]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=244809&v=44 |script-title=ko:토함산 (吐含山 ) |trans-title=Toham Mountain (''Tohamsan'') |publisher=Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |language=ko |access-date=2009-08-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610054236/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=244809&v=44 |archive-date=2011-06-10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=109267&contentno=109267 |script-title=ko:양북면 Yangbuk-myeon 陽北面 |publisher=[[Doosan Encyclopedia]] |language=ko |access-date=2009-08-05 }}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

[[File:Korea-Gyeongju-Map of mountains and drainage-02.png|thumb|alt=A river runs from south to north through the region, draining most of it. Half the tallest mountains are on the southern border; other mountains are mostly in the west, clustered in the northwest.|Principal mountains and drainage patterns of Gyeongju. Mountains of {{convert|500|to|700|m|ft|abbr=on}} are in green, those taller than {{convert|700|m|ft|abbr=on}} in violet. The rest three in gray are under {{convert|500|m|ft|abbr=on}}.]]
Gyeongju's drainage patterns are shaped by these lines of mountains.<ref name="EncyKorea Nature" /> The Dongdae Mountains divide a narrow foothills area on their east, and various internal river systems to the west. Most of the city's interior is drained by the small [[Hyeongsan River]], which flows north from Ulsan and meets the sea at Pohang Harbor. The Hyeongsan's chief tributaries include the Bukcheon and Namcheon, which join it in [[Gyeongju Basin]].<ref name="EncyKorea Nature" />
The southwestern corner of Gyeongju, on the far side of the Taebaek range, drains into the [[Geumho River]], which then flows into the [[Nakdong River|Nakdong]]. A small area of the south, just west of the Dongdae range, drains into the [[Taehwa River]], which flows into the Bay of Ulsan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?i=244800 |script-title=ko:태화강 (太和江) |trans-title=Taehwa River |publisher=Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |language=ko |access-date=2009-08-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610054300/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?i=244800 |archive-date=2011-06-10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?i=247864 |script-title=ko:형산강지구대 (兄山江地溝帶) |trans-title=Hyeongsan River Rift Valley |publisher=Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |language=ko |access-date=2009-08-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610054318/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?i=247864 |archive-date=2011-06-10 }}</ref>

The Gyeongju coastline runs for {{convert|36.1|km|mi|sp=us}} between [[Pohang]] in the north and [[Ulsan]] in the south.<ref name="2008 Tonggye 2">{{cite web |url=http://gyeongju.go.kr/administrative/administrative/tonggye2008/2.pdf |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5iEKQTnlY?url=http://gyeongju.go.kr/administrative/administrative/tonggye2008/2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-07-13 |script-title=ko:2008년도 경주시 통계연보 : 2.토지 및 기후 |trans-title=Statistical yearbook of Gyeongju 2008 : 2. Land and weather |publisher=Gyeongju City |date=August 2008 |access-date=2009-07-13 }}</ref> There are no islands or large bays, only the small [[Alcove (architecture)|indentations]] made by the small streams flowing off the Dongdae ridgeline. Because of this, the city has no significant ports, though there are 12 small harbors.<ref name="gyeongju1">{{cite web|url=http://www.gyeongju.go.kr/industry/agriculture/info.asp?main=5&sub=1&cor=5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613162052/http://www.gyeongju.go.kr/industry/agriculture/info.asp?main=5&sub=1&cor=5|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-06-13|work=Gyeongju City website|script-title=ko:농축수산 |trans-title=Agriculture, Livestock industry, and Fisheries |access-date=2009-07-07 |language=ko}}</ref> One such harbor in Gyeongju's southeast corner is home to the Ulsan base of the National Maritime Police. This base is responsible for security over a wide area of South Korea's east-central coast.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://coast.kcg.go.kr/english/intro/greet.asp |title=Greeting |publisher=The National Maritime Police |access-date=2009-08-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328044837/http://coast.kcg.go.kr/english/intro/greet.asp |archive-date=March 28, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Lee, Gil-Beom |date=2009-03-09|url=http://coast.kcg.go.kr/english/sea/diff_send.asp |title=Main Operations |publisher=The National Maritime Police|access-date=2009-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621224746/http://coast.kcg.go.kr/english/sea/diff_send.asp <!--Added by H3llBot-->|archive-date=2009-06-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ulsan.kcg.go.kr/intro/intro.asp |script-title=ko:경찰서소개 |trans-title=Introduction of the police |publisher=Ulsan Coast Guard, Korea |access-date=2009-08-05 |quote={{lang|ko|울산광역시 북구 신명동으로부터 부산광역시 기장군 공수리까지 해안선과 어업자원보호선을 연결한 해역}} |language=ko |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050207121709/http://ulsan.kcg.go.kr/intro/intro.asp |archive-date=February 7, 2005 }}</ref>

===Climate===
Gyeongju has a cooler version of a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfa''). Due to its coastal location, Gyeongju has a slightly milder climate than the more inland regions of Korea. In general, however, the city's climate is typical of South Korea. It has hot summers and cool winters, with a [[monsoon]] season between late June and early August. As on the rest of Korea's east coast, autumn [[typhoon]]s are not uncommon. The average annual rainfall is {{convert|1091|mm|in|sp=us|1}}, and the average annual high temperatures range from {{convert|8.6|-|31.1|°C|°F|0}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gyeongju.go.kr/inFrame.asp?how_chk=&hdnPage=&Kwa01Code=&s_sy=&s_sm=&s_ey=&s_em=&SearchType=&SearchString=&reqNum=&vDiscrNo=&name=&result=&discrHash=&PCODE=A0105&main=1&sub=5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613162102/http://www.gyeongju.go.kr/inFrame.asp?how_chk=&hdnPage=&Kwa01Code=&s_sy=&s_sm=&s_ey=&s_em=&SearchType=&SearchString=&reqNum=&vDiscrNo=&name=&result=&discrHash=&PCODE=A0105&main=1&sub=5 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-06-13 |publisher=Gyeongju City website|script-title=ko:위치와 자연지리 |trans-title=Location and geography |access-date=2009-07-13 |language=ko}}</ref>

Gyeongju's historic city center lies on the banks of the Hyeongsan in Gyeongju Basin. This low-lying area has been subject to repeated [[flood]]ing throughout recorded history, often as a result of typhoons. On average, chronicles report a major flood every 27.9 years, beginning in the 1st century.<ref>Kang (2002), p. 6.</ref> Modern flood control mechanisms brought about a dramatic reduction in flooding in the later 20th century. The last major flood occurred in 1991, when the Deokdong Lake reservoir overflowed due to [[1991 Pacific typhoon season#Typhoon Gladys|Typhoon Gladys]].<ref>Kang (2002), p. 5.</ref>

{{Weather box
| location = Gyeongju (2011–2020 normals, extremes 2010–present)
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y

| Jan record high C = 16.8
| Feb record high C = 24.2
| Mar record high C = 26.6
| Apr record high C = 32.5
| May record high C = 36.2
| Jun record high C = 36.5
| Jul record high C = 39.7
| Aug record high C = 39.8
| Sep record high C = 35.1
| Oct record high C = 31.5
| Nov record high C = 29.4
| Dec record high C = 19.3
| year record high C = 39.8

| Jan high C = 5.9
| Feb high C = 8.4
| Mar high C = 14.4
| Apr high C = 19.7
| May high C = 25.7
| Jun high C = 27.7
| Jul high C = 30.6
| Aug high C = 31.4
| Sep high C = 26.2
| Oct high C = 21.6
| Nov high C = 15.3
| Dec high C = 7.7
| year high C = 19.6

| Jan mean C = 0.3
| Feb mean C = 2.3
| Mar mean C = 7.4
| Apr mean C = 12.7
| May mean C = 18.4
| Jun mean C = 21.9
| Jul mean C = 25.4
| Aug mean C = 25.9
| Sep mean C = 20.5
| Oct mean C = 14.8
| Nov mean C = 8.7
| Dec mean C = 1.9
| year mean C = 13.4

| Jan low C = -4.7
| Feb low C = -3.1
| Mar low C = 1.0
| Apr low C = 6.0
| May low C = 11.7
| Jun low C = 17.0
| Jul low C = 21.4
| Aug low C = 21.9
| Sep low C = 16.2
| Oct low C = 9.3
| Nov low C = 3.0
| Dec low C = -3.2
| year low C = 8.0

| Jan record low C = -14.7
| Feb record low C = -13.4
| Mar record low C = -6.6
| Apr record low C = -3.0
| May record low C = 1.9
| Jun record low C = 10.2
| Jul record low C = 14.9
| Aug record low C = 14.0
| Sep record low C = 7.0
| Oct record low C = -0.6
| Nov record low C = -6.6
| Dec record low C = -11.7
| year record low C = -14.7

| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 32.2
| Feb precipitation mm = 30.8
| Mar precipitation mm = 59.7
| Apr precipitation mm = 96.1
| May precipitation mm = 55.3
| Jun precipitation mm = 100.6
| Jul precipitation mm = 190.1
| Aug precipitation mm = 191.9
| Sep precipitation mm = 194.1
| Oct precipitation mm = 108.2
| Nov precipitation mm = 37.8
| Dec precipitation mm = 24.4
| year precipitation mm = 1121.2

| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 5.1
| Feb precipitation days = 6.8
| Mar precipitation days = 7.6
| Apr precipitation days = 9.8
| May precipitation days = 7.7
| Jun precipitation days = 9.6
| Jul precipitation days = 12.8
| Aug precipitation days = 13.7
| Sep precipitation days = 12.2
| Oct precipitation days = 6.7
| Nov precipitation days = 6.8
| Dec precipitation days = 5.4
| year precipitation days =

| Jan humidity = 52.6
| Feb humidity = 56.7
| Mar humidity = 58.3
| Apr humidity = 60.3
| May humidity = 63.5
| Jun humidity = 72.6
| Jul humidity = 78.4
| Aug humidity = 79.8
| Sep humidity = 81.3
| Oct humidity = 75.1
| Nov humidity = 67.5
| Dec humidity = 56.3
| year humidity = 66.9

| Jan sun = 197.2
| Feb sun = 179.1
| Mar sun = 226.7
| Apr sun = 218.8
| May sun = 240.0
| Jun sun = 182.1
| Jul sun = 162.9
| Aug sun = 180.9
| Sep sun = 147.5
| Oct sun = 178.5
| Nov sun = 161.8
| Dec sun = 186.2
| year sun = 2261.7

| source = [[Korea Meteorological Administration]]<ref name= KMA>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220129211110/https://data.kma.go.kr/resources/normals/pdf_data/korea_pdf_0106_v2.pdf
| archive-date = 29 January 2022
| url = https://data.kma.go.kr/resources/normals/pdf_data/korea_pdf_0106_v2.pdf
| title = Climatological Normals of Korea (1991 ~ 2020)
| publisher = Korea Meteorological Administration
| access-date = 7 June 2023
| language = ko}}</ref><ref name= KMAextremes>
{{cite web
| url = https://data.kma.go.kr/climate/extremum/selectExtremumList.do?pgmNo=103
| publisher = Korea Meteorological Administration
| access-date = 4 April 2022
| script-title = ko:순위값 - 구역별조회
| language = ko}}</ref>
}}