Editing HMS Endeavour (section)

==Purchase and refit by the Admiralty==
On 16 February 1768, the [[Royal Society]] petitioned [[George III of the United Kingdom|King George III]] to finance a scientific expedition to the Pacific to study and observe the 1769 [[transit of Venus]] across the sun.<ref>Rigby and van der Merwe 2002, p. 24</ref> Royal approval was granted for the expedition, and the [[British Admiralty|Admiralty]] elected to combine the scientific voyage with a confidential mission to search the south Pacific for signs of the postulated continent ''Terra Australis Incognita'' (or "unknown southern land").<ref>{{cite web|title=Secret Instructions to Lieutenant Cook 30&nbsp;July 1768 (UK) |publisher=National Library of Australia |year=2005 |url=http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=34 |access-date=26 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080721065703/http://foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=34 |archive-date=21 July 2008 }}</ref>

The Royal Society suggested command be given to Scottish geographer [[Alexander Dalrymple]], whose acceptance was conditional on a [[brevet (military)|brevet]] commission as a captain in the Royal Navy. [[First Lord of the Admiralty]] [[Edward Hawke, 1st Baron Hawke|Edward Hawke]] refused, going so far as to say he would rather cut off his right hand than give command of a navy vessel to someone not educated as a seaman.<ref name="gutenberg">{{gutenberg |no=14423 |name=A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels, Vol. 12}}, editor [[Robert Kerr (writer)|Robert Kerr]]'s introduction footnote 3</ref> In refusing Dalrymple's command, Hawke was influenced by previous insubordination aboard the sloop {{HMS|Paramour|1694|6}} in 1698, when naval officers had refused to take orders from civilian commander [[Edmond Halley]].<ref name="gutenberg"/> The impasse was broken when the Admiralty proposed [[James Cook]], a naval officer with a background in mathematics and [[cartography]].<ref>Hough 1995, pp. 34, 46</ref> Acceptable to both parties, Cook was promoted to [[lieutenant]] and named as commander of the expedition.<ref>Rigby and van der Merwe 2002, p. 30</ref>

[[File:Endeavour, Thomas Luny 1768.jpg|upright=2|thumb|left|alt=A three-masted sailing ship leaves a busy seaport while five men watch from the shore. Green hills flank the seaport, beneath a cloudy sky.|''Earl of Pembroke,'' later HMS ''Endeavour'', leaving [[Whitby]] Harbour in 1768. By [[Thomas Luny]], dated 1790.]]
On 27 May 1768, Cook took command of ''Earl of Pembroke'', valued in March at £2,307. 5s. 6d. but ultimately purchased for £2,840. 10s. 11d. and assigned for use in the Society's expedition.{{sfn|Knight|1933}}{{efn|In today's terms, this equates to a valuation for ''Endeavour'' of approximately £265,000 and a purchase price of £326,400.<ref>{{cite web| title =Purchasing Power of British Pounds from 1264 to Present | publisher =MeasuringWorth | year =2009 | url = http://www.measuringworth.com/ppoweruk/ | access-date =5 August 2009}}</ref>}} She was refitted at [[Deptford Dockyard|Deptford]] by the dock's master shipwright [[Adam Hayes]] on the [[River Thames]] for the sum of £2,294, almost the price of the ship herself.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article62852835 |title=Endeavour Was Well Fitted For Voyage of Discovery. |newspaper=[[Townsville Daily Bulletin]] |location=Queensland |date=14 July 1945 |access-date=4 September 2012 |page=4 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref> The hull was [[caulking|recaulked]] and [[Copper sheathing|copper sheathed]] to protect against [[shipworm]], and a third internal deck installed to provide cabins, a powder magazine and storerooms.{{sfn|Hosty|Hundley|2003|p=61}} The new cabins provided around {{convert|2|m2|sqft|sigfig=2}} of floorspace apiece being allocated to Cook and the Royal Society representatives: [[natural history|naturalist]] [[Joseph Banks]], Banks' assistants [[Daniel Solander]] and [[Herman Spöring, Jr.|Herman Spöring]], astronomer [[Charles Green (astronomer)|Charles Green]], and artists [[Sydney Parkinson]] and [[Alexander Buchan (artist)|Alexander Buchan]].<ref name="Marquardt18">Marquardt 1995, p. 18</ref> These cabins encircled the officers' mess.<ref name="specifications">{{cite web |title=HMB Endeavour replica – specifications|url=http://www.anmm.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=442 |publisher =Australian National Maritime Museum |access-date=16 October 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080720095551/http://www.anmm.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=442| archive-date = 20 July 2008}}</ref> The great cabin at the rear of the deck was designed as a workroom for Cook and the Royal Society. On the rear lower deck, cabins facing on to the mates' mess were assigned to lieutenants [[Zachary Hickes]] and [[John Gore (Royal Navy captain)|John Gore]], ship's surgeon William Monkhouse<!-- or Munkhouse – Australian National Maritime Museum uses "u" but Cook's journal uses "o" -->, the gunner Stephen Forwood, [[Master (naval)|ship's master]] Robert Molyneux, and the [[captain's clerk]] Richard Orton.<ref name="replica">{{cite web |title=The replica HM Bark Endeavour: History of Bark Endeavour and Captain Cook |website=H M Bark Endeavour |year=2008 |url=http://www.hmbarkendeavour.co.uk/the-endeavour-&-cook/8/ |access-date=17 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513202356/http://www.hmbarkendeavour.co.uk/the-endeavour-%26-cook/8/ |archive-date=13 May 2008 }}</ref><ref name="replicabrochure">{{cite web|title=James Cook's HMB Endeavour |publisher=Australian Maritime Museum |url=http://www.anmm.gov.au/webdata/resources/files/Endeavour_info.pdf |access-date=16 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030074920/http://www.anmm.gov.au/webdata/resources/files/Endeavour_info.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2008 }}</ref> The adjoining open mess deck provided sleeping and living quarters for the marines and crew, and additional storage space.<ref name="specifications"/>

A [[longboat]], [[pinnace (ship's boat)|pinnace]] and [[yawl]] were provided as ship's boats, though the longboat was rotten, having to be rebuilt and painted with [[white lead]] before it could be brought aboard.<ref name="Hough56">Hough 1995, p. 56.</ref> These were accompanied by two privately owned skiffs, one belonging to the [[boatswain]] John Gathrey, and the other to Banks.<ref>Marquardt 1995, p. 17.</ref> The ship was also equipped with a set of {{convert|28|ft|m|abbr=on}} sweeps to allow her to be rowed forward if becalmed or demasted.<ref name="Marquardt18"/> The refitted vessel was commissioned as His Majesty's [[Barque#Bark|Bark]] ''the Endeavour'', to distinguish her from the four-gun [[Naval cutter|cutter]] {{HMS|Endeavour|1763 cutter|6}}.{{sfn|McLintock|1966}}

On 21 July 1768, ''Endeavour'' sailed to [[Gallions Reach]] on the Thames to take on armaments to protect her against potentially hostile Pacific island natives.<ref name="Hough56"/> Ten 4-pounder cannon were brought aboard, six of which were mounted on the upper deck with the remainder stowed in the hold. Twelve swivel guns were also supplied, and fixed to posts along the quarterdeck, sides and bow.<ref>Marquardt 1995, p. 13.</ref> The ship departed for [[Plymouth]] on 30 July, for provisioning and crew boarding of 85, including 12&nbsp;[[Royal Marines]].{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|pp=1–2}} Cook also ordered that twelve tons of [[pig iron]] be brought on board as [[sailing ballast]].{{sfn|Hosty|Hundley|2003|p=41}}