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==History== <!-- This section is linked from [[Carriage]] --> {{anchor|Hackney coach|Hackney Coaches, Metropolis Act 1802|Hackney Coach Fares Act 1808|Hackney Coaches Act 1814|Hackney Coach Licences Act 1817|London Hackney Carriage Act 1853|London Hackney Carriage (No. 2) Act 1853}} {{Infobox UK legislation | short_title = Hackney Coaches, etc. Act 1694 | type = Act | parliament = Parliament of England | long_title = An Act for the licensing and regulating Hackney-Coaches and Stage-Coaches. | year = 1694 | citation = [[5 & 6 Will. & Mar.]] c. 22 | introduced_commons = | introduced_lords = | territorial_extent = | royal_assent = 25 April 1694 | commencement = | expiry_date = | repeal_date = 15 July 1867 | amends = | replaces = | amendments = | repealing_legislation = [[Statute Law Revision Act 1867]] | related_legislation = | status = Repealed | legislation_history = | theyworkforyou = | millbankhansard = | original_text = https://www.british-history.ac.uk/statutes-realm/vol6/pp502-505 | revised_text = | use_new_UK-LEG = | UK-LEG_title = | collapsed = yes }} {{Infobox UK legislation | short_title = {{visible anchor|Hackney Chairs Act 1712}} | type = Act | parliament = Parliament of Great Britain | long_title = An Act for explaining the Acts for licensing Hackney Chairs. | year = 1712 | citation = [[12 Ann.]] c. 15{{br}}{{ubli|(Ruffhead: {{nowrap|12 Ann. St. 1 c. 14}})}} | territorial_extent = [[Great Britain]] | royal_assent = 16 July 1713 | commencement = 9 April 1713{{efn|Start of session.}} | repeal_date = 5 January 1832 | amendments = [[Continuance of Laws, etc. Act 1742]] | repealing_legislation = London Hackney Carriage Act 1831 | related_legislation = | status = Repealed | original_text = https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000033905853&view=1up&seq=845 | collapsed = yes }} {{Infobox UK legislation | short_title = {{visible anchor|Hackney Coaches, etc. Act 1715}} | type = Act | parliament = Parliament of Great Britain | long_title = An Act for the better regulating Hackney Coaches, Carts, Drays, Cars, and Waggons, within the Cities of London and Westminster, and the Weekly Bills of Mortality; and for preventing Mischiefs occasioned by the Drivers riding upon such Carts, Drays, Cars, and Waggons. | year = 1715 | citation = [[1 Geo. 1. St. 2]]. c. 57 | territorial_extent = [[Great Britain]] | royal_assent = 26 June 1716 | commencement = 17 March 1715{{efn|Start of session.}} | repeal_date = 15 July 1867 | amends = | replaces = | amendments = [[Continuance of Laws, etc. Act 1742]] | repealing_legislation = [[Statute Law Revision Act 1867]] | related_legislation = | status = Repealed | original_text = https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_FMDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA320 | collapsed = yes }} {{Infobox UK legislation | short_title = {{visible anchor|Hackney Coaches Act 1771}} | type = Act | parliament = Parliament of Great Britain | long_title = An Act for licensing an additional Number of Hackney Coaches, and applying the Monies arising thereby. | year = 1771 | citation = [[11 Geo. 3]]. c. 24 | introduced_commons = | introduced_lords = | territorial_extent = | royal_assent = 12 April 1771 | commencement = | expiry_date = | repeal_date = | amends = | replaces = | amendments = | repealing_legislation = | related_legislation = | status = | legislation_history = | theyworkforyou = | millbankhansard = | original_text = | revised_text = | use_new_UK-LEG = | UK-LEG_title = | collapsed = yes }} {{Infobox UK legislation | short_title = {{visible anchor|Hackney Coachmen Act 1771}} | type = Act | parliament = Parliament of Great Britain | long_title = An Act for punishing Offences committed by Hackney Coachmen and Chairmen, within certain Districts and Places therein mentioned, and for renewing the Registry of Carts and Carriages. | year = 1771 | citation = [[11 Geo. 3]]. c. 28 | introduced_commons = | introduced_lords = | territorial_extent = | royal_assent = 29 April 1771 | commencement = | expiry_date = | repeal_date = | amends = | replaces = | amendments = | repealing_legislation = | related_legislation = | status = | legislation_history = | theyworkforyou = | millbankhansard = | original_text = | revised_text = | use_new_UK-LEG = | UK-LEG_title = | collapsed = yes }} {{Infobox UK legislation | short_title = {{visible anchor|Hackney Coaches Act 1772}} | type = Act | parliament = Parliament of Great Britain | long_title = An Act to explain and amend an Act, made in the Seventh Year of the Reign of His present Majesty, intituled, "An Act for altering the Stamp Duties upon Policies of Assurances; and for reducing the Allowance to be made in respect of the Prompt Payment of the Stamp Duties on Licences for retailing Beer, Ale, and other exciseable Liquors; and for explaining and amending several Acts of Parliament relating to Hackney Coaches and Chairs;" so far as the same relates to Hackney Coaches. | year = 1772 | citation = [[12 Geo. 3]]. c. 49 | introduced_commons = | introduced_lords = | territorial_extent = [[Great Britain]] | royal_assent = | commencement = | expiry_date = | repeal_date = 5 January 1832 | amends = | replaces = | amendments = | repealing_legislation = London Hackney Carriage Act 1831 | related_legislation = | status = Repealed | original_text = | collapsed = yes }} {{Infobox UK legislation | short_title = {{visible anchor|Hackney Coaches Act 1784}} | type = Act | parliament = Parliament of Great Britain | long_title = An Act for laying an additional Duty on Hackney Coaches, and for explaining and amending several Acts of Parliament relating to Hackney Coaches. | year = 1784 | citation = [[24 Geo. 3. Sess. 2]]. c. 27 | introduced_commons = | introduced_lords = | territorial_extent = [[Great Britain]] | royal_assent = 13 August 1784 | commencement = | repeal_date = 5 January 1832 | amends = | replaces = | amendments = | repealing_legislation = London Hackney Carriage Act 1831 | related_legislation = | status = Repealed | original_text = | collapsed = yes }} {{Infobox UK legislation | short_title = {{visible anchor|Hackney Coaches Act 1786}} | type = Act | parliament = Parliament of Great Britain | long_title = An Act for explaining and amending an Act made in the Twenty-fourth Year of the Reign of His present Majesty, intituled, "An Act for laying an additional Duty on Hackney Coaches, and for explaining and amending several Acts of Parliament relating to Hackney Coaches." | year = 1786 | citation = [[26 Geo. 3]]. c. 72 | introduced_commons = | introduced_lords = | territorial_extent = | royal_assent = 4 July 1786 | commencement = | expiry_date = | repeal_date = | amends = | replaces = | amendments = | repealing_legislation = | related_legislation = | status = | legislation_history = | theyworkforyou = | millbankhansard = | original_text = | revised_text = | use_new_UK-LEG = | UK-LEG_title = | collapsed = yes }} {{Infobox UK legislation | short_title = {{visible anchor|Hackney Coaches Act 1792}} | type = Act | parliament = Parliament of Great Britain | long_title = An Act to explain and amend so much of an Act made in the Seventh Year of the Reign of His present Majesty, as relates to Hackney Coaches and Chairs. | year = 1792 | citation = [[32 Geo. 3]]. c. 47 | introduced_commons = | introduced_lords = | territorial_extent = | royal_assent = 11 June 1792 | commencement = | expiry_date = | repeal_date = | amends = | replaces = | amendments = | repealing_legislation = | related_legislation = | status = | legislation_history = | theyworkforyou = | millbankhansard = | original_text = | revised_text = | use_new_UK-LEG = | UK-LEG_title = | collapsed = yes }} {{Infobox UK legislation | short_title = {{visible anchor|London Hackney Carriage Act 1800}} | type = Act | parliament = Parliament of Great Britain | long_title = An Act for repealing the Rates and Fares taken by Licenced Hackney Coachmen, and for establishing other Rates and Fares in lieu thereof; and for explaining and amending several Laws relating to Hackney Coaches and Chairs. | year = 1800 | citation = [[39 & 40 Geo. 3]]. c. 47 | introduced_commons = | introduced_lords = | territorial_extent = [[Great Britain]] | royal_assent = 30 May 1800 | commencement = | expiry_date = | repeal_date = 5 January 1832 | amends = | replaces = | amendments = | repealing_legislation = London Hackney Carriage Act 1831 | related_legislation = | status = Repealed | original_text = | collapsed = yes }} {{Infobox UK legislation | short_title = {{visible anchor|Hackney Coaches Act 1804}} | type = Act | parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom | long_title = An act for explaining and amending several Acts relating to Hackney Coaches employed as Stage Coaches, and for indemnifying the Owners of Hackney Coaches who have omitted to take out Licences, pursuant to an Act made in the twenty-fifth Year of his present Majesty. | year = 1804 | citation = [[44 Geo. 3]]. c. 88 | introduced_commons = | introduced_lords = | territorial_extent = [[United Kingdom]] | royal_assent = 20 July 1804 | commencement = | expiry_date = 5 January 1832 | repeal_date = | amends = | replaces = | amendments = | repealing_legislation = London Hackney Carriage Act 1831 | related_legislation = | status = Repealed | original_text = | collapsed = yes }} {{Infobox UK legislation | short_title = {{visible anchor|Hackney Carriages Act 1815}} | type = Act | parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom | long_title = An act to amend several Acts relating to Hackney Coaches; for authorizing the licensing of an additional Number of Hackney Chariots; and for licensing Carriages drawn by One Horse. | year = 1815 | citation = [[55 Geo. 3]]. c. 159 | introduced_commons = | introduced_lords = | territorial_extent = [[United Kingdom]] | royal_assent = 11 July 1815 | commencement = | repeal_date = 5 January 1832 | amends = | replaces = | amendments = | repealing_legislation = London Hackney Carriage Act 1831 | related_legislation = | status = Repealed | original_text = | collapsed = yes }} {{Infobox UK legislation | short_title = {{visible anchor|London Hackney Carriage Act 1831}} | type = Act | parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom | long_title = An Act to amend the Laws relating to Hackney Carriages, and to Waggons, Carts, and Drays, used in the Metropolis; and to place the Collection of the Duties on Hackney Carriages and on Hawkers and Pedlars in England under the Commissioners of Stamps. | year = 1831 | citation = [[1 & 2 Will. 4]]. c. 22 | introduced_commons = | introduced_lords = | territorial_extent = [[United Kingdom]] | royal_assent = 22 September 1831 | commencement = 5 January 1832{{efn|Section 1.}} | repeal_date = | amends = | replaces = {{ubli|[[Hackney Chairs Act 1712]]|Hackney Chairs, etc. Act 1759|Hackney Coaches Act 1771|Hackney Coachmen Act 1771|Hackney Coaches Act 1772|[[Hackney Coaches Act 1784]]|Hackney Coaches Act 1786|Hackney Coaches Act 1792|London Hackney Carriage Act 1800|Hackney Coaches, Metropolis Act 1802|Hackney Coaches Act 1804|Hackney Coach Fares Act 1808|Hackney Coaches Act 1814|Hackney Carriages Act 1815|Hackney Coach Licences Act 1817}} | amendments = {{ubli|London Hackney Carriages Act 1843|[[Revenue Act 1869]]|[[Statute Law Revision Act 1874]]|[[Summary Jurisdiction Act 1884]]|[[Statute Law Revision (No. 2) Act 1888]]|[[Statute Law Revision Act 1890]]|[[Public Authorities Protection Act 1893]]|London Cab Act 1968|[[Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1976]]|[[Criminal Law Act 1977]]|[[Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1989]]|[[Statute Law (Repeals) Act 2004]]|[[Transport for London Act 2008]]}} | repealing_legislation = | related_legislation = | status = Amended | original_text = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Will4/1-2/22/contents/enacted | revised_text = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Will4/1-2/22/contents | use_new_UK-LEG = | UK-LEG_title = London Hackney Carriage Act 1831 | collapsed = yes }} {{Infobox UK legislation | short_title = {{visible anchor|London Hackney Carriages Act 1843}} | type = Act | parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom | long_title = An Act for regulating Hackney and Stage Carriages in and near London. | year = 1843 | citation = [[6 & 7 Vict.]] c. 86 | introduced_commons = | introduced_lords = | territorial_extent = | royal_assent = 22 August 1843 | commencement = | expiry_date = | repeal_date = | amends = | replaces = | amendments = [[Statute Law Revision Act 1874 (No. 2)]] | repealing_legislation = | related_legislation = | status = Amended | legislation_history = | theyworkforyou = | millbankhansard = | original_text = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/6-7/86/contents/enacted | revised_text = | use_new_UK-LEG = | UK-LEG_title = London Hackney Carriages Act 1843 | collapsed = yes }} {{Infobox UK legislation | short_title = {{visible anchor|London Cab Act 1968}} | type = Act | parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom | long_title = An Act to extend the power of the Secretary of State to prescribe fares in respect of journeys by cab within the metropolitan police district and the City of London; to make provision for extending the length of such journeys which the driver of a cab is obliged by law to undertake; to relax restrictions on the parking of cabs; to prohibit the display on certain vehicles in that district or the City of London of signs or notices containing the word " taxi" or " cab " and signs or notices of certain other descriptions; and to restrict the issue, in connection with certain vehicles, of advertisements containing either of those words. | year = 1968 | citation = [[List of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1968|1968]] c. 7 | introduced_commons = | introduced_lords = | territorial_extent = | royal_assent = 15 February 1968 | commencement = | expiry_date = | repeal_date = | amends = | replaces = | amendments = London Cab Act 1973 | repealing_legislation = | related_legislation = | status = Amended | legislation_history = | theyworkforyou = | millbankhansard = | original_text = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1968/7/contents/enacted | revised_text = | use_new_UK-LEG = | UK-LEG_title = London Cab Act 1968 | collapsed = yes }} {{Infobox UK legislation | short_title = {{visible anchor|London Cab Act 1973}} | type = Act | parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom | long_title = An Act to amend the London Cab Act 1968. | year = 1973 | citation = [[List of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1973|1973]] c. c. 20 | introduced_commons = | introduced_lords = | territorial_extent = | royal_assent = 23 May 1973 | commencement = | expiry_date = | repeal_date = | amends = London Cab Act 1968 | replaces = | amendments = | repealing_legislation = | related_legislation = | status = Current | legislation_history = | theyworkforyou = | millbankhansard = | original_text = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1973/20/contents/enacted | revised_text = | use_new_UK-LEG = | UK-LEG_title = London Cab Act 1973 | collapsed = yes }} [[File:Havana - Hackney coaches.jpg|thumb|Hackney coaches]] The widespread use of private [[Coach (carriage)|coaches]] by the English aristocracy began to be seen in the 1580s; within fifty years hackney coaches were regularly to be seen on the streets of London. In the 1620s there was a proliferation of coaches for hire in the metropolis, so much so that they were seen as a danger to pedestrians in the narrow streets of the city, and in 1635 an [[Order in Council]] was issued limiting the number allowed. Two years later a system for licensing hackney coachmen was established (overseen by the [[Master of the Horse (United Kingdom)|Master of the Horse]]).<ref name="Dowell1884">{{cite book |last1=Dowell |first1=Stephen |title=A History of Taxes and Taxation in England: volume III |date=1884 |publisher=Longmans, Green & co. |location=London |pages=40β45}}</ref> "An Ordinance for the Regulation of Hackney-Coachmen in London and the places adjacent" was approved by [[Parliament of England|Parliament]] in 1654, to remedy what it described as the "many Inconveniences [that] do daily arise by reason of the late increase and great irregularity of Hackney Coaches and Hackney Coachmen in London, Westminster and the places thereabouts".<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=56562 An Ordinance for the Regulation of Hackney-Coachmen in London and the places adjacent, June 1654], british-history.ac.uk; accessed 26 May 2017.</ref> The first hackney-carriage licences date from a 1662 [[act of Parliament]], the [[London and Westminster Streets Act 1662]] ([[14 Cha. 2]]. c. 2) establishing the [[Commissioners of Scotland Yard]] to regulate them. Licences applied literally to horse-drawn carriages, later modernised as [[hansom cab]]s (1834), that operated as [[vehicle for hire|vehicles for hire]]. The 1662 act limited the licences to 400; when it expired in 1679, extra licences were created until the '''{{visible anchor|Hackney Coaches, etc. Act 1694}}''' ([[5 & 6 Will. & Mar.]] c. 22) imposed a limit of 700.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/statutes-realm/vol6/pp502-505#h3-0005|title=William and Mary, 1694: An Act for the lycenseing and regulateing Hackney-Coaches and Stage-Coaches [Chapter XXII Rot. Parl. pt. 5. nu. 2.] |year=1819|work=Statutes of the Realm: Volume 6, 1685β94|publisher=Great Britain Record Commission|pages=502β505|access-date=21 August 2017}}</ref> The limit was increased to 800 in 1715, 1,000 in 1770 and 1,100 in 1802, before being abolished in 1832.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Omnibuses of London |journal=The Gentleman's Magazine |date=December 1857 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KUFDAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA663 |publisher=R. Newton |page=663}}</ref> The 1694 act established the Hackney Coach Commissioners to oversee the regulation of fares, licences and other matters; in 1831 their work was taken over by the [[Stamp Office]] and in 1869 responsibility for licensing was passed on to the [[Metropolitan Police]]. In the 18th and 19th centuries, private carriages were commonly sold off for use as hackney carriages, often displaying painted-over traces of the previous owner's coat of arms on the doors.<ref name="McCausland1948" /> There was a distinction between a general hackney carriage and a hackney [[Coach (carriage)|coach]], which was specifically a hireable vehicle with four wheels, two horses and six seats: four on the inside for the passengers and two on the outside (one for a servant and the other for the driver, who was popularly termed the ''[[Coachman|Jarvey]]'' (also spelled ''jarvie'')). For many years only coaches, to this specification, could be licensed for hire; but in 1814 the licensing of up to 200 hackney [[Chariot (carriage)|chariots]] was permitted, which carried a maximum of three passengers inside and one servant outside (such was the popularity of these new faster carriages that the number of licences was doubled the following year). [[File:Hansom cab 1904.jpg|thumb|left|Hansom cab in 1904 outside the [[Royal Albert Hall]], London]] Shortly afterwards even lighter carriages began to be licensed: the two-wheel, single-horse [[Cabriolet (carriage)|cabriolets]] or 'cabs', which were licensed to carry no more than two passengers.<ref name="Dowell1884" /> Then, in 1834, the [[hansom cab]] was patented by [[Joseph Hansom]]: a jaunty single-horse, two-wheel carriage with a distinctive appearance, designed to carry passengers safely in an urban environment. The hansom cab quickly established itself as the standard two-wheel hackney carriage and remained in use into the 20th century.<ref name="McCausland1948">{{cite book |last1=McCausland |first1=Hugh |title=The English Carriage |date=1948 |publisher=Batchworth Press |location=London}}</ref> [[File:The-passing-of-the-growler-Punch-1907.png|thumb|right|London [[Clarence (carriage)|growler]] {{Circa|1900}}]] In 1836 the [[Clarence (carriage)|Clarence]] was introduced to London's streets: a type of small four-wheel enclosed carriage drawn by one or two horses.<ref>Knox, Thomas Wallace (1888) ''The pocket guide for Europe: hand-book for travellers on the Continent and the British Isles, and through Egypt, Palestine, and northern Africa'' G. Putnam, New York, [https://books.google.com/books?id=mxEbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA34 page 34], {{OCLC|28649833}}</ref><ref>Busch, Noel F. (1947) "Life's Reports: Restful Days in Dublin" " ''Life Magazine'' 15 September 1947 [https://books.google.com/books?id=M0IEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA9 page 9], includes a photograph of a growler.</ref> These became known as 'growlers' because of the sound they made on the cobbled streets. Much slower than a hansom cab, they nevertheless had room for up to four passengers (plus one servant) and space on the roof for luggage. As such they remained in use as the standard form of four-wheeled hackney carriage until replaced by motorised taxi cabs in the early 20th century. A small, usually two-wheeled, one-horse hackney vehicle called a ''noddy'' once plied the roads in Ireland and [[Scotland]]. The French had a small hackney coach called a ''[[Fiacre (carriage)|fiacre]]''. ===Motorisation=== [[History of the electric vehicle|Electric hackney carriages]] appeared before the introduction of the internal combustion engine to vehicles for hire in 1897. In fact there was even [[Bersey electric cab|London Electrical Cab Company]]: the cabs were informally called Berseys after the manager who designed them, [[Walter Bersey]]. Another nickname was [[Hummingbird]]s from the sound that they made.<ref name="LVTA">{{cite web|url=http://www.lvta.co.uk/history.htm|title=Taxi History β London Vintage Taxi Association|work=lvta.co.uk|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=27 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527134112/http://www.lvta.co.uk/history.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> In August 1897, 25 were introduced, and by 1898, there were 50 more. During the early 20th century, cars generally replaced horse-drawn models. In 1910, the number of motor cabs on London streets outnumbered horse-drawn growlers and hansoms for the first time. At the time of the outbreak of [[World War I]], the ratio was seven to one in favour of motorized cabs.<ref name=AC4459a>{{cite magazine | ref = LMB | magazine = [[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]] | title = London's Taxis | author = Lord Montagu of Beaulieu | author-link = Edward Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 3rd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu | publisher = IPC Business Press Ltd. | page = 42 | date = 5 June 1982 | volume = 156 | number = 4459 }}</ref> The last horse-drawn hackney carriage ceased service in London in 1947.<ref>{{cite book |first=Gregory |last=Drozdz |title=Cab and Coach |year=1990 |page=26 |oclc=841903541}}</ref> UK regulations define a hackney carriage as a taxicab allowed to ply the streets looking for passengers to pick up, as opposed to private hire vehicles (sometimes called ''[[Taxicabs of the United Kingdom|minicabs]]''), which may pick up only passengers who have previously booked or who visit the taxi operator's office. In 1999, the first of a series of fuel cell powered taxis were tried out in London. The "Millennium Cab" built by ZeTek gained television coverage and great interest when driven in the Sheraton Hotel ballroom in New York by [[Judd Hirsch]], the star of the television series ''[[Taxi (TV series)|Taxi]]''. ZeTek built three cabs but ceased activities in 2001.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}} ===Continuing horse-drawn cab services=== Horse-drawn hackney services continue to operate in parts of the UK, for example in [[Cockington]], [[Torquay]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cockingtoncourt.org/latest-news/2014/9/9/cockington-carriages-plan-for-the-future-a468|title=Cockington Carriages plan for the future β Cockington Court|website=www.cockingtoncourt.org|access-date=7 April 2021|archive-date=24 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024190712/https://www.cockingtoncourt.org/latest-news/2014/9/9/cockington-carriages-plan-for-the-future-a468|url-status=dead}}</ref> The town of [[Windsor, Berkshire]], is the last remaining UK town with a continuous lineage of horse-drawn hackney carriages, operated run by Windsor Carriages, the licence having been passed down from driver to driver since the 1830's. The original hackney licence is in place, allowing for passenger travel under the same law that was originally passed in 1662. The city of [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]] has an occasional horse-drawn Hackney, principally for tourists, but still carrying hackney plates.
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