Editing Hadith (section)

==Definition / Evolution of the concept ==
In [[Islamic terminology]], according to Juan Campo, the term ''hadith'' refers to reports of statements or actions of Muhammad, or of his tacit approval or criticism of something said or done in his presence.<ref name="H-EoI">{{cite book|last=Campo| first=Juan Eduardo |chapter=Hadith |title=Encyclopedia of Islam| year=2009 | publisher=Infobase | isbn=9781438126968 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&q=encyclopedia+islam+hadith&pg=PA280}}</ref> Classical hadith specialist [[Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani]] says that the intended meaning of ''hadith'' in religious tradition is something attributed to Muhammad, but that is not found in the Quran.<ref name="fath">{{cite book|last=al-Asqalani|first=Ahmad ibn 'Ali|title=Fath al-Bari|publisher=al-Matba'ah al-Salafiyyah|location=Egypt|volume=1|pages=193|language=ar|isbn=978-1-902350-04-2|year=2000}}</ref>

In contrast, according to the Shia Islam Ahlul Bayt Digital Library Project, "when there is no clear Qur'anic statement, nor is there a Hadith upon which Muslim schools have agreed. ... Shi'a ... refer to Ahlul-Bayt [the family of Muhammad] to derive the Sunnah of the Prophet"—implying that while hadith is limited to the "Traditions" of Muhammad, the Shi'a Sunna draws on the sayings, etc. of the {{transliteration|ar|Ahlul-Bayt}}, i.e. the [[Imamah (Shia)|Imams]] of Shi'a Islam.<ref name="ABDLP-sunna">{{cite web|title=The Major Difference Between the Shi'a and the Sunni|url=https://www.al-islam.org/shiite-encyclopedia-ahlul-bayt-dilp-team/major-difference-between-shia-and-sunni|website=Ahlul Bayt Digital Library Project|access-date=28 March 2018|date=2013-11-12}}</ref>

{{anchor|Sacred hadith}} Hadith may be ''[[Hadith Qudse|hadith qudsi]]'' (sacred hadith)—which some Muslims regard as the words of [[God in Islam|God]]<ref>Graham, William A. (1977). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Fl6skqM6aP8C Divine Word and Prophetic Word in Early Islam: A Reconsideration of the Sources, with Special Reference to the Divine Saying or Hadith Qudsi]''. [[Walter de Gruyter]]. {{ISBN|3110803593}}.</ref>—or ''hadith sharif'' (noble hadith), which are Muhammad's own utterances.<ref name="Glasse-159">{{cite book|last1=Glasse|first1=Cyril|title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam|orig-year=1989 |date=2001|publisher=Altamira|page=159}}</ref> According to as-Sayyid ash-Sharif al-Jurjani, the hadith qudsi differ from the Quran in that the former are "expressed in Muhammad's words", whereas the latter are the "[[Revelation|direct words of God]]". A ''hadith qudsi'' need not be a ''sahih'' (sound hadith), but may be ''da'if'' (weak) or even ''mawdu''' (fabricated).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aslamna.info/hadith_qudsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418205832/http://www.aslamna.info/hadith_qudsi.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=18 April 2010|title=Qu'est-ce que le hadith Qudsi ?|work=aslamna.info}}</ref>

An example of a ''hadith qudsi'' is the hadith of [[Abu Hurairah]] who said that Muhammad said:
<blockquote>When God decreed the Creation He pledged Himself by writing in His book which is laid down with Him: My mercy prevails over My wrath.<ref>Related by [[Muhammad al-Bukhari|al-Bukhari]], [[Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj|Muslim]], [[Al-Nasa'i|an-Nasa'i]] and [[Ibn Majah]].</ref>{{Primary source inline|reason=Need secondary source confirming that this is a hadith qudsi |date=November 2015}}</blockquote>

'''Non-prophetic hadith'''; Scholar [[Patricia Crone]] includes reports by others than Muhammad in her definition of hadith: "short reports (sometimes just a line or two) recording what an early figure, such as a [[Companions of the Prophet|companion of the prophet]] or Muhammad himself, said or did on a particular occasion, preceded by a chain of transmitters". However, she adds that "nowadays, hadith almost always means hadith from Muhammad himself."<ref name="Crone-wdwakaM-2008">{{cite web|last1=Crone|first1=Patricia|title=What do we actually know about Muhammad?|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/faith-europe_islam/Muhammad_3866.jsp|website=Open Democracy|access-date=16 April 2018|date=10 June 2008}}{{dead link|date=March 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> [[Joseph Schacht]] quotes a hadith of Muhammad that is used "to justify reference" in Islamic law to the [[sahabah|companions of Muhammad]] as religious authorities—"My companions are like lodestars."<ref name=Schacht-OoMJ-1959-19>{{cite book |title=The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence |last1=Schacht |first1=Joseph |publisher=Oxford University Press |orig-year= 1950 |year= 1959 |page=19  }}</ref><ref name=tr-III-57,148>{{cite book |last1=Shafi'i |chapter=Kitab Ikhtilaf Malid wal-Shafi'i, 57, 148 | title=Kitab al-Umm vol. vii |pages=248}}</ref><ref>see also {{cite web |url=http://www.livingislam.org/compst_e.html |title=The Hadith: "My Companions Are Like The Stars" |last1=Haddad |first1=GF |last2=Hajj Gibril |website=living islam }}</ref>

According to Schacht, (and other scholars)<ref>Ignaz Goldziher, ''The Zahiris: Their Doctrine and their History'', trans and ed. Wolfgang Behn (Leiden, 1971), 20 ff</ref><ref name="DWBRTMIT1996:7">[[#DWBRTMIT1996|Brown, ''Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought'', 1996]]: p.7</ref> in the very first generations after the death of Muhammad, use of hadith from {{transliteration|ar|[[Sahabah]]}} ("companions" of Muhammad) and {{transliteration|ar|[[Tabi'un]]}} ("successors" of the companions) "was the rule", while use of hadith of Muhammad himself by Muslims was "the exception".<ref name="Schacht-OoMJ-1959-3" />  Schacht credits [[Al-Shafi'i]]—founder of the [[Shafi'i]] school of {{transliteration|ar|[[fiqh]]}} (or {{transliteration|ar|[[madh'hab]]}})—with establishing the principle of the using the hadith of Muhammad for Islamic law, and emphasizing the inferiority of hadith of anyone else, saying hadiths:
<blockquote>"... from other persons are of no account in the face of a tradition from the Prophet, whether they confirm or contradict it; if the other persons had been aware of the tradition from the Prophet, they would have followed it".<ref name=Schacht-OoMJ-1959>{{cite book |title=The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence |last1=Schacht |first1=Joseph |publisher=Oxford University Press |orig-year= 1950 |year= 1959 |page=12 }}</ref><ref name=tr-III-intro>{{cite book |last1=Shafi'i |chapter=Introduction. Kitab Ikhtilaf Malid wal-Shafi'i | title=Kitab al-Umm vol. vii}}</ref></blockquote> This led to "the almost complete neglect" of traditions from the Companions and others.<ref name=Schacht-OoMJ-1959-4>{{cite book |title=The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence |last1=Schacht |first1=Joseph |publisher=Oxford University Press |orig-year= 1950 |year= 1959 |page=4 }}</ref>
{{multiple image
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| footer            = PERF No. 731, the earliest manuscript of [[Malik Ibn Anas|Mālik's]] Muwaṭṭaʾ, dated to his own time. Recto (left) has the contents of Bāb al-Targib fī-Sadaqah, 795 AD.<ref>N. Abbott, ''Studies In Arabic Literary Papyri: Qur'anic Commentary And Tradition'', 1967, Volume II, University of Chicago Press: Chicago (USA), p. 114.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PERF No. 731: The Earliest Manuscript Of Malik's Muwatta' Dated To His Own Time |url=https://www.islamic-awareness.org/hadith/perf731 |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=www.islamic-awareness.org}}</ref>
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Collections of hadith sometimes mix those of Muhammad with the reports of others. [[Muwatta Imam Malik]] is usually described as "the earliest written collection of hadith" but sayings of Muhammad are "blended with the sayings of the companions",<ref name=Intro-hadith-59>{{cite book|last1=al-Fadli|first1=Abd al-Hadi|title=Introduction to Hadith|date=2011|publisher=ICAS Press|location=London|isbn=9781904063476|page=59|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E-muq9pi0zUC&q=shia+hadith}}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> (822 hadith from Muhammad and 898 from others, according to the count of one edition).<ref name=Schacht-OoMJ-1959-22>{{cite book |title=The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence |last1=Schacht |first1=Joseph |publisher=Oxford University Press |orig-year= 1950 |year= 1959 |page=22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Zurqani (d.1122 |title=Commentary on Malik's Muwatta', 4 vols |volume=i |page=8 |location=Cairo |date=1310}}</ref>
In ''Introduction to Hadith'' by Abd al-Hadi al-Fadli, {{transliteration|ar|Kitab Ali}} is referred to as "the first hadith book of the {{transliteration|ar|[[Ahl al-Bayt]]}} (family of Muhammad) to be written on the authority of the Prophet".<ref name=Intro-hadith-62>{{cite book|last1=al-Fadli|first1=Abd al-Hadi|title=Introduction to Hadith|date=2011|publisher=ICAS Press|location=London|isbn=9781904063476|page=62|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E-muq9pi0zUC&q=shia+hadith}}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Hadiths were classified as follows according to the last person to whom they were attributed in the chain of narration; the acts, statements or approvals of Muhammad are called {{transliteration|ar|"Marfu hadith"}}, while those of companions are called {{transliteration|ar|"mawquf}} {{lang|ar|(موقوف)}} {{transliteration|ar|hadith"}}, and those of [[Tabi'un]] are called {{transliteration|ar|"maqtu'}} {{lang|ar|(مقطوع)}} {{transliteration|ar|hadith"}}.

=== Relationship with ''sunnah'' ===
The word {{transliteration|ar|[[sunnah]]}} is also used in reference to a normative custom of Muhammad or the early [[Ummah|Muslim community]].<ref name="H-EoI"/> [[Joseph Schacht]] describes hadith as providing "the documentation" of the {{transliteration|ar|sunnah}}.<ref name=Schacht-OoMJ-1959-3>{{cite book |title=The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence |last1=Schacht |first1=Joseph |publisher=Oxford University Press |orig-year= 1950 |year= 1959 |page=3 }}</ref> Some sources ([[Khaled Abou El Fadl]]) limit hadith to verbal reports, with the deeds of Muhammad and reports about [[Sahabah|his companions]] being part of the {{transliteration|ar|sunnah}}, but not hadith.<ref name=ABC-abu-al-fadl>{{cite journal|last1=Abou El Fadl|first1=Khaled|title=What is Shari'a?|journal=ABC Religion and Ethics|date=22 March 2011 |url=http://www.abc.net.au/religion/articles/2011/03/22/3170810.htm|access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref>

Another source (Joseph A. Islam) distinguishes between the two saying: 
<blockquote>Whereas the 'Hadith' is an oral communication that is allegedly derived from the Prophet or his teachings, the 'Sunna' (quite literally: mode of life, behaviour or example) signifies the prevailing customs of a particular community or people.  ... A 'Sunna' is a practice which has been passed on by a community from generation to generation en masse, whereas the hadith are reports collected by later compilers often centuries removed from the source. ... A practice which is contained within the Hadith may well be regarded as Sunna, but it is not necessary that a Sunna would have a supporting hadith sanctioning it.<ref name="JAI">{{cite web|last1=Islam|first1=Joseph A.|title=THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HADITH AND SUNNA |url=http://quransmessage.com/articles/hadith%20and%20sunna%20FM3.htm|website=The Quran and Its Message|access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref></blockquote>

Sunnah originally meant a tradition ([[urf]]) that did not mean good or bad.<ref name="Juynboll"/><ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="OISO"/><ref name="Oxford University Press"/> Later, "good traditions" began to be referred to as sunnah in Islamic community and the concept of "Muhammad's sunnah" was established.<ref name="Juynboll" /> Muhammad's sunnah gave way to the "hadiths of Muhammad" which were [[Oral tradition|transmitted orally]],{{sfn|Brown|2009|p=3}} then recorded in corpuses and [[Hadith studies|systematized and purified within following centuries]]. Hadiths were later placed in a respected place among the [[sources of sharia]] in many [[Madhab|Islamic sects]], and thus replaced the sunnah in the establishment of [[sharia]].

=== Similar literature===
Islamic literary classifications similar to hadith (but not {{transliteration|ar|sunnah}}) are {{transliteration|ar|maghazi}} and {{transliteration|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}}. They differ from hadith in that they are organized "relatively chronologically" rather than by subject. 
*{{transliteration|ar|Sīrat}} (literally 'way of going' or 'conduct'), biographies of Muhammad, written since the middle of the eighth century. Similar writings called {{transliteration|ar|maghazi}} (literally 'raid') preceded the {{transliteration|ar|sīrat}} literature, focusing on military actions of Muhammad, but also included non-military aspects of his life.<ref name="pierce-17-18">{{cite book |last1=Pierce |first1=Matthew |title=Twelve Infallible Men |date=2016 |publisher=Harvard University Press. |pages=17–18 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JjS6CwAAQBAJ&q=difference+between+sira+and+biography&pg=PA17 |access-date=26 October 2019|isbn=9780674737075 }}</ref>  Therefore, there is overlap in the meaning of the terms, although {{transliteration|ar|maghazi}} suggests military aspects rather than general biographical ones.
Other traditions of Islam related to hadith include: 
*{{transliteration|ar|Khabar}} (literally news, information, pl. {{transliteration|ar|akhbar}}) may be used as a synonym for ''hadith'', but some scholars use it to refer to traditions about Muhammad's [[Sahaba|companions]] and their successors from the [[Tabi'un|following generation]], in contrast to hadith as defined as traditions about Muhammad himself. Another definition (by Ibn Warraq) describes them as "discrete anecdotes or reports" from early Islam which "include simple statements, utterances of authoritative scholars, saints, or statesmen, reports of events, and stories about historical events all varying in length from one line to several pages."<ref name=IWSoMatRoI2000:66>[[#IWSoMatRoI2000|Ibn Warraq, "Studies on Muhammad and the Rise of Islam", 2000]]: p.66</ref> 
*Conversely, {{transliteration|ar|athar}} (trace, remnant) usually refers to traditions about the companions and successors, though sometimes connotes traditions about Muhammad.