Editing Hallucination (section)

===Auditory===
{{main|Auditory hallucination}}

[[Sound|Auditory]] hallucinations (also known as ''paracusia'')<ref>{{cite web |title=Paracusia |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/paracusia |publisher=thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2008-08-13 |archive-date=2008-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516090348/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/paracusia |url-status=live }}</ref> are the perception of sound without outside stimulus. Auditory hallucinations can be divided into elementary and complex, along with verbal and nonverbal. These hallucinations are the most common type of hallucination, with auditory verbal hallucinations being more common than nonverbal.<ref>{{cite book |title=Abnormal Psychology |vauthors=Nolen-Hoeksema S |date=2014 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |edition=6e |page=283}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Auditory Hallucinations: Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatment |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/23233-auditory-hallucinations |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=Cleveland Clinic |language=en |archive-date=2024-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101222629/https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/23233-auditory-hallucinations |url-status=live }}</ref> Elementary hallucinations are the perception of sounds such as hissing, whistling, an extended tone, and more.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mental State Examination 3 – Perception and Mood – Pathologia |url=https://pathologia.ed.ac.uk/topic/mental-state-examination-3/ |access-date=2024-01-01 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101222631/https://pathologia.ed.ac.uk/topic/mental-state-examination-3/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In many cases, [[tinnitus]] is an elementary auditory hallucination.<ref name=":5" /> However, some people who experience certain types of tinnitus, especially pulsatile tinnitus, are actually hearing the blood rushing through vessels near the ear. Because the auditory stimulus is present in this situation, it does not qualify it as a hallucination.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tracy |first1=Derek |last2=Shergill |first2=Sukhwinder |date=2013-04-26 |title=Mechanisms Underlying Auditory Hallucinations—Understanding Perception without Stimulus |journal=Brain Sciences |language=en |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=642–669 |doi=10.3390/brainsci3020642 |doi-access=free |pmid=24961419 |pmc=4061847 |issn=2076-3425}}</ref>

Complex hallucinations are those of voices, music,<ref name=":5" /> or other sounds that may or may not be clear, may or may not be familiar, and may be friendly, aggressive, or among other possibilities. A hallucination of a single individual person of one or more talking voices is particularly associated with [[psychosis|psychotic]] disorders such as [[schizophrenia]], and hold special significance in diagnosing these conditions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chaudhury |first=Suprakash |date=2010 |title=Hallucinations: Clinical aspects and management |journal=Industrial Psychiatry Journal |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=5–12 |doi=10.4103/0972-6748.77625 |doi-access=free |issn=0972-6748 |pmc=3105559 |pmid=21694785}}</ref>

In schizophrenia, voices are normally perceived coming from outside the person, but in dissociative disorders they are perceived as originating from within the person, commenting in their head instead of behind their back. Differential diagnosis between schizophrenia and [[dissociative disorder]]s is challenging due to many overlapping symptoms, especially [[Kurt Schneider|Schneiderian first rank symptoms]] such as hallucinations.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Shibayama M |year=2011 |title=[Differential diagnosis between dissociative disorders and schizophrenia] |journal=Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi = Psychiatria et Neurologia Japonica |volume=113 |issue=9 |pages=906–911 |pmid=22117396}}</ref> However, many people who do not have a diagnosable [[mental illness]] may sometimes hear voices as well.<ref>{{cite web |date=September 15, 2006 |title=Hearing Voices: Some People Like It |url=http://www.livescience.com/7177-hearing-voices-people.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061102150621/http://www.livescience.com/humanbiology/060915_hearing_voices.html |archive-date=November 2, 2006 |access-date=2006-11-25 |publisher=LiveScience.com |vauthors=Thompson A}}</ref> One important example to consider when forming a differential diagnosis for a patient with paracusia is lateral [[temporal lobe epilepsy]]. Despite the tendency to associate hearing voices, or otherwise hallucinating, and [[psychosis]] with schizophrenia or other psychiatric illnesses, it is crucial to take into consideration that, even if a person does exhibit psychotic features, they do not necessarily have a psychiatric disorder on its own. Disorders such as [[Wilson's disease]], various [[endocrine disease]]s, numerous [[metabolic disturbance]]s, [[multiple sclerosis]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[porphyria]], [[sarcoidosis]], and many others can present with psychosis.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Endres |first1=Dominique |last2=Matysik |first2=Miriam |last3=Feige |first3=Bernd |last4=Venhoff |first4=Nils |last5=Schweizer |first5=Tina |last6=Michel |first6=Maike |last7=Meixensberger |first7=Sophie |last8=Runge |first8=Kimon |last9=Maier |first9=Simon J. |last10=Nickel |first10=Kathrin |last11=Bechter |first11=Karl |last12=Urbach |first12=Horst |last13=Domschke |first13=Katharina |last14=Tebartz van Elst |first14=Ludger |date=2020-09-14 |title=Diagnosing Organic Causes of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: Findings from a One-Year Cohort of the Freiburg Diagnostic Protocol in Psychosis (FDPP) |journal=Diagnostics |language=en |volume=10 |issue=9 |pages=691 |doi=10.3390/diagnostics10090691 |doi-access=free |pmid=32937787 |pmc=7555162 |issn=2075-4418}}</ref>

Musical hallucinations are also relatively common in terms of complex auditory hallucinations and may be the result of a wide range of causes ranging from hearing-loss (such as in [[musical ear syndrome]], the auditory version of [[Charles Bonnet syndrome]]), lateral temporal lobe epilepsy,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Engmann |first1=B. |last2=Reuter |first2=M. |title=Melodiewahrnehmung ohne äußeren Reiz: Halluzination oder Epilepsie? Ein Fallbericht |trans-title=Spontaneous perception of melodies: Hallucination or epilepsy? |language=de |journal=Nervenheilkunde |date=2009 |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=217–221 |doi=10.1055/s-0038-1628605 }}</ref> arteriovenous malformation,<ref name="pmid19682829">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ozsarac M, Aksay E, Kiyan S, Unek O, Gulec FF |date=July 2012 |title=De novo cerebral arteriovenous malformation: Pink Floyd's song "Brick in the Wall" as a warning sign |journal=The Journal of Emergency Medicine |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=e17–e20 |doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2009.05.035 |pmid=19682829}}</ref> stroke, [[lesion]], [[abscess]], or tumor.<ref>{{cite web |date=August 9, 2000 |title=Rare Hallucinations Make Music In The Mind |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2000/08/000809065249.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205053946/http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2000/08/000809065249.htm |archive-date=December 5, 2006 |access-date=2006-12-31 |publisher=ScienceDaily.com}}</ref>

The [[Hearing Voices Movement]] is a support and advocacy group for people who hallucinate voices, but do not otherwise show signs of mental illness or impairment.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schaefer B, Boumans J, van Os J, van Weeghel J | title = Emerging Processes Within Peer-Support Hearing Voices Groups: A Qualitative Study in the Dutch Context | journal = Frontiers in Psychiatry | volume = 12 | pages = 647969 | date = 2021-04-21 | pmid = 33967856 | pmc = 8098806 | doi = 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.647969 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

High [[caffeine]] consumption has been linked to an increase in likelihood of one experiencing auditory hallucinations.<ref>{{Cite web |vauthors=Fiegl A |title=Caffeine Linked to Hallucinations |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/caffeine-linked-to-hallucinations-51161154/ |access-date=2024-01-01 |work=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en |archive-date=2024-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101222629/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/caffeine-linked-to-hallucinations-51161154/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A study conducted by the [[La Trobe University]] School of Psychological Sciences revealed that as few as five cups of coffee a day (approximately 500&nbsp;mg of caffeine) could trigger the phenomenon.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 June 2011 |title=Too Much Coffee Can Make You Hear Things That Are Not There |url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/227884.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311185810/http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/227884.php |archive-date=2013-03-11 |work=Medical News Today}}</ref>