Editing History of broadcasting (section)

=== Australia ===
{{Main|History of broadcasting in Australia}}

==== Formative years ====
Australian [[Amateur radio operator|radio hams]] can be traced to the early 1900s. The 1905 ''Wireless Telegraphy Act''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2004C07914|title=Wireless Telegraphy Act 190|website=Australian Federal Register of Legislation}}</ref> whilst acknowledging the existence of wireless telegraphy, brought all broadcasting matters in Australia under the control of the Federal Government.<ref name="Australia, R.R. Walker 1973">{{cite book|first=R.R.|last=Walker|year=1973|title=The Magic Spark – 50 Years of Radio in Australia|location=Melbourne|url=https://www.worldradiohistory.com/BOOKSHELF-ARH/History/The-Magic-Spark-1973-Walker.pdf|isbn=0725601167}}</ref> In 1906, the first official [[Morse code]] transmission in Australia was by the [[Marconi Company]] between [[Queenscliff, Victoria]] and [[Devonport, Tasmania]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://insidestory.org.au/when-marconis-magic-came-to-queenscliff/ | title=When Marconi's magic came to Queenscliff… • Inside Story | date=12 August 2010 }}</ref>

==== Experiments with broadcasting music ====
The first broadcast of music was made during a demonstration on 13 August 1919 by [[Ernest Fisk]] (later Sir Ernest) of AWA – [[Amalgamated Wireless (Australasia)]].  A number of amateurs commenced broadcasting music in 1920 and 1921.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Many other amateurs soon followed. 2CM was run by Charles MacLuran who started the station in 1921 with regular Sunday evening broadcasts from the Wentworth Hotel, Sydney. 2CM is often regarded as Australia's first, regular, non-official station.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bpadula.tripod.com/australiashortwave/id34.html|title=1923 - Evolution of Australian Domestic Radio|website=bpadula.tripod.com|access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref>

==== Sealed set system ====
It was not until November 1923 when the government finally gave its approval for a number of officially recognised [[medium wave]] stations.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="Australia, R.R. Walker 1973"/>
All stations operated under a unique [[Sealed Set]] system under which each set was sealed to the frequency of one station. Part of the price of the set went to the government via the [[Postmaster-General's Department]] (PMG), with money also going to the broadcaster.  Apart from extremely limited advertising, this was the broadcasters' only source of income.  From the outset problems with the system came to the fore. Many young people built their own sets, which could receive all the stations.<ref name="Australia, R.R. Walker 1973"/>

==== Categories in Australia from 1924 ====
As quickly as July 1924, the Sealed Set system was declared to be unsuccessful and it was replaced by a system of A Class and B Class stations.  There were one or two A Class stations in each major market and these were paid for by a listener's licence fee imposed on all listeners-in. The five former sealed set stations became A Class stations, and they were soon joined by stations in other State capitals.<ref name="Australia, R.R. Walker 1973"/>

[[File:Emil Voigt.jpg|thumb|right|Emil Voigt, founder of 2KY on behalf of the [[Labor Council of New South Wales]]. This photo was taken in earlier days when Voight was a prominent British athlete, and winner of the [[Olympic medal|Gold Medal]] for the five mile race at the [[1908 Summer Olympics]] in London.]]

Amateur broadcasters continued to operate in the [[long wave]] and [[short wave]] bands.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

A national service, the [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|Australian Broadcasting Commission]], was formed in July 1932, when the Australian Broadcasting Company's contract expired.<ref name="ReferenceD"/>

==== Early experiments with television ====
As early as 1929, two Melbourne commercial radio stations, [[3UZ]] and [[KIIS 101.1|3DB]] were conducting experimental mechanical television broadcasts – these were conducted in the early hours of the morning, after the stations had officially closed down. In 1934 Valentine McDowall conducted experiments in electronic television.<ref>{{cite web|first=F.|last=Schubert|url=https://www.racp.edu.au/page/library/college-roll/college-roll-detail%26id%3D496|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504062337/https://www.racp.edu.au/page/library/college-roll/college-roll-detail%26id%3D496|archive-date=2015-05-04|title=College Roll: McDowall, Valentine|publisher=The Royal Australasian College of Physicians}}</ref> at amateur station [[4CM]] Brisbane<ref>{{cite web|url=https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:212637/s00855804_1961_1962_6_4_750.pdf|title=eSpace - The University of Queensland|website=espace.library.uq.edu.au|access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref>

==== Mobile stations ====
Two of Australia's most unusual medium wave stations were mobile stations 2XT and 3YB. They both operated in eras prior to the universal establishment of rural radio stations. 2XT was designed and operated by AWA within the State of [[New South Wales]], from a [[New South Wales Government Railways|NSW Railways]] train, between November 1925 and December 1927. 2XT, which stood for ''experimental train'', visited over 100 rural centres. Engineers would set up a transmitting aerial and the station would then begin broadcasting.  This led to the further sales of AWA products. 3YB provided a similar service in rural [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] between October 1931 and November 1935. Initially, the station operated from a [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] car and a Ford truck, but from 17 October 1932 they operated from a converted 1899 former Royal Train carriage. Whilst the engineers were setting up the station's 50-watt transmitter in the town being visited, salesmen would sign up advertisers for the fortnight that 3YB would broadcast from that region. The station was on the air from 6.00 and 10.00 pm daily, and its 1,000-record library was divided into set four-hour programs, one for each of 14 days. In other words, the music broadcast from each town was identical. The station was operated by Vic Dinenny, but named after announcer Jack '''Y'''oung from '''B'''allarat. On 18 January 1936, Dinenny set up [[3YB]] [[Warrnambool]], followed on 18 May 1937 by [[3GG|3UL]] [[Warragul]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="ReferenceD"/>

The [[merchant vessel]] [[HMAS Kanimbla (C78)|MV ''Kanimbla'']] is believed to be the world's only ship built with an inbuilt broadcasting station. The Kanimbla was constructed in Northern Ireland in 1936 and was primarily designed for [[McIlwraith, McEacharn & Co]] to ply passengers between [[Cairns]] and [[Fremantle]]. The broadcasting station was constructed and operated by [[Amalgamated Wireless (Australasia)|AWA]] and was initially given the [[Amateur radio|ham radio]] callsign VK9MI but was later 9MI. (At this time, the "9" in the callsign was aberrationary [see "Call Signs, above].) The station made an experimental broadcast before leaving Northern Ireland, and a number of such broadcasts at sea, on the way to Australia. 9MI's first official broadcast in April 1939 was made from the [[Great Australian Bight]].<ref name="ReferenceD"/> The station broadcast on [[short wave]], usually a couple of times per week, but many of its programs were relayed to commercial medium wave stations that were also owned by AWA. The 9MI manager and announcer (and probably the only member of staff) was Eileen Foley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.offshore-radio.de/HansKnot/female.htm|publisher=offshore-radio.de |title=Female Offshore Radio Deejays |access-date=2015-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040811095008/http://www.offshore-radio.de/HansKnot/female.htm |archive-date=2004-08-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 9MI ceased broadcasting at the commencement of World War II in September 1939. The Kanimbla was commissioned as a [[Royal Navy]] (later [[Royal Australian Navy]]) vessel with the name HMS/HMAS Kanimbla.  It had an extremely prominent and successful war-time career.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.broadcasting-fleet.com/kanimbla.htm |title=S.S. Kanimbla |access-date=2015-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209220510/http://broadcasting-fleet.com/kanimbla.htm|publisher=broadcasting-fleet.com |archive-date=2015-02-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref>