Editing Human behavior (section)

== Social behavior ==
{{Further|Sociology}}
[[File:Circa 1880 Two women bowing, "ojigi" (hand-colored albumen print, Japan).jpg|thumb|upright|Women bowing in Japan ({{circa|1880}})]]
Human social behavior is the behavior that considers other humans, including communication and cooperation. It is highly complex and structured, based on advanced [[theory of mind]] that allows humans to attribute thoughts and actions to one another. Through social behavior, humans have developed [[society]] and [[culture]] distinct from other animals.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Levinson |first1=Stephen C. |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781003135517/roots-human-sociality-stephen-levinson-nicholas-enfield |title=Roots of Human Sociality |last2=Enfield |first2=Nicholas J. |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |isbn=978-1003135517 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.4324/9781003135517 |s2cid=150799476}}</ref> Human social behavior is governed by a combination of biological factors that affect all humans and cultural factors that change depending on upbringing and societal norms.{{Sfn|Duck|2007|pp=1–5}} Human communication is based heavily on [[language]], typically through [[speech]] or [[writing]]. [[Nonverbal communication]] and [[paralanguage]] can modify the meaning of communications by demonstrating ideas and intent through physical and vocal behaviors.{{Sfn|Duck|2007|pp=10–14}}

=== Social norms ===
Human behavior in a society is governed by [[social norm]]s. Social norms are unwritten expectations that members of society have for one another. These norms are ingrained in the particular culture that they emerge from, and humans often follow them unconsciously or without deliberation. These norms affect every aspect of life in human society, including [[decorum]], [[social responsibility]], [[Right to property|property rights]], [[Contract|contractual agreement]], [[morality]], and [[justice]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clifford-Vaughan |first=M. |date=1967-06-01 |title=VII—Social Change and Legal Norms |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aristotelian/67.1.103 |journal=Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=103–110 |doi=10.1093/aristotelian/67.1.103 |issn=1467-9264|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Many norms facilitate coordination between members of society and prove mutually beneficial, such as norms regarding communication and agreements. Norms are enforced by [[social pressure]], and individuals that violate social norms risk [[social exclusion]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Young |first=H. Peyton |date=2015-08-01 |title=The Evolution of Social Norms |journal=Annual Review of Economics |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=359–387 |doi=10.1146/annurev-economics-080614-115322 |issn=1941-1383|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Systems of [[ethics]] are used to guide human behavior to determine what is moral. Humans are distinct from other animals in the use of ethical systems to determine behavior. Ethical behavior is human behavior that takes into consideration how actions will affect others and whether behaviors will be optimal for others. What constitutes ethical behavior is determined by the individual [[value judgment]]s of the person and the collective social norms regarding right and wrong. Value judgments are intrinsic to people of all cultures, though the specific systems used to evaluate them may vary. These systems may be derived from [[divine law]], [[natural law]], [[civil authority]], [[reason]], or a combination of these and other principles. [[Altruism]] is an associated behavior in which humans consider the welfare of others equally or preferentially to their own. While other animals engage in biological altruism, ethical altruism is unique to humans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ayala |first=Francisco J. |date=2010-05-11 |title=The difference of being human: Morality |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=107 |issue=supplement_2 |pages=9015–9022 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0914616107 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=3024030 |pmid=20445091|doi-access=free }}</ref>

[[Deviance (sociology)|Deviance]] is behavior that violates social norms. As social norms vary between individuals and cultures, the nature and severity of a deviant act is subjective. What is considered deviant by a society may also change over time as new social norms are developed. Deviance is punished by other individuals through [[social stigma]], [[censure]], or [[violence]].{{Sfn|Goode|2015|pp=3–4}} Many deviant actions are recognized as [[crime]]s and punished through a system of [[criminal justice]].{{Sfn|Goode|2015|p=7}} Deviant actions may be punished to prevent harm to others, to maintain a particular worldview and way of life, or to enforce principles of morality and [[decency]].{{Sfn|Goode|2015|p=5}} Cultures also attribute positive or negative value to certain physical traits, causing individuals that do not have desirable traits to be seen as deviant.{{Sfn|Goode|2015|p=6}}

=== Interpersonal relationships ===
{{Main|Interpersonal relationship}}
[[File:Inupiat Family from Noatak, Alaska, 1929, Edward S. Curtis (restored).jpg|left|thumb|A family in [[Noatak, Alaska|Noatak]], Alaska (1929)]]
Interpersonal relationships can be evaluated by the specific choices and emotions between two individuals, or they can be evaluated by the broader societal context of how such a relationship is expected to function. Relationships are developed through communication, which creates intimacy, expresses emotions, and develops identity.{{Sfn|Duck|2007|pp=10–14}} An individual's interpersonal relationships form a [[social group]] in which individuals all communicate and socialize with one another, and these social groups are connected by additional relationships. Human social behavior is affected not only by individual relationships, but also by how behaviors in one relationship may affect others.{{Sfn|Duck|2007|p=107}} Individuals that actively seek out social interactions are [[Extraversion and introversion|extraverts]], and those that do not are introverts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Argyle |first1=Michael |last2=Lu |first2=Luo |date=1990-01-01 |title=The happiness of extraverts |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869%2890%2990128-E |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=11 |issue=10 |pages=1011–1017 |doi=10.1016/0191-8869(90)90128-E |issn=0191-8869|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

[[Romance (love)|Romantic love]] is a significant [[interpersonal attraction]] toward another. Its nature varies by culture, but it is often contingent on gender, occurring in conjunction with [[sexual attraction]] and [[sexual orientation]] and [[romantic orientation]]. It takes different forms and is associated with many individual emotions. Many cultures place a higher emphasis on romantic love than other forms of interpersonal attraction. [[Marriage]] is a union between two people, though whether it is associated with romantic love is dependent on the culture.{{Sfn|Duck|2007|pp=56–60}} Individuals that are closely related by [[consanguinity]] form a [[family]]. There are many variations on family structures that may include parents and children as well as [[stepchild]]ren or extended relatives.{{Sfn|Duck|2007|pp=121–125}} Family units with [[children]] emphasize [[parenting]], in which parents engage in a high level of [[parental investment]] to protect and instruct children as they develop over a period of time longer than that of most other mammals.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Geary |first1=David C. |last2=Flinn |first2=Mark V. |date=2001 |title=Evolution of Human Parental Behavior and the Human Family |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15295192.2001.9681209 |journal=Parenting |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1–2 |pages=5–61 |doi=10.1080/15295192.2001.9681209 |s2cid=15440367 |issn=1529-5192|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Politics and conflict ===
{{Further|Political science|Theories of political behavior|Conflict (process)}}
[[File:5tavaszi 08 n.jpg|thumb|A depiction of men fighting in the [[First Battle of Komárom (1849)|First Battle of Komárom]] (1849)]]
When humans make decisions as a group, they engage in politics. Humans have evolved to engage in behaviors of [[self-interest]], but this also includes behaviors that facilitate cooperation rather than conflict in collective settings. Individuals will often form [[in-group and out-group]] perceptions, through which individuals cooperate with the in-group and compete with the out-group. This causes behaviors such as unconsciously conforming, passively obeying authority, taking pleasure in the misfortune of opponents, initiating hostility toward out-group members, artificially creating out-groups when none exist, and punishing those that do not comply with the standards of the in-group. These behaviors lead to the creation of [[political system]]s that enforce in-group standards and norms.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Alford |first1=John R. |last2=Hibbing |first2=John R. |date=2004 |title=The Origin of Politics: An Evolutionary Theory of Political Behavior |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/perspectives-on-politics/article/abs/origin-of-politics-an-evolutionary-theory-of-political-behavior/0A5EDA700EE2022AC9DFB5AE1CAA7C4D |journal=Perspectives on Politics |language=en |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=707–723 |doi=10.1017/S1537592704040460 |doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |s2cid=8341131 |issn=1541-0986 |access-date=2022-08-15 |archive-date=2022-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503121514/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/perspectives-on-politics/article/abs/origin-of-politics-an-evolutionary-theory-of-political-behavior/0A5EDA700EE2022AC9DFB5AE1CAA7C4D |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

When humans oppose one another, it creates conflict. It may occur when the involved parties have a disagreement of opinion, when one party obstructs the goals of another, or when parties experience [[negative emotion]]s such as [[anger]] toward one another. Conflicts purely of disagreement are often resolved through communication or [[negotiation]], but incorporation of emotional or obstructive aspects can escalate conflict. [[Interpersonal conflict]] is that between specific individuals or groups of individuals.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Barki |first1=Henri |last2=Hartwick |first2=Jon |date=2004-03-01 |title=Conceptualizing the Construct of Interpersonal Conflict |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/eb022913/full/html |journal=International Journal of Conflict Management |language=en |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=216–244 |doi=10.1108/eb022913 |issn=1044-4068 |access-date=2022-08-14 |archive-date=2022-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616151151/https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/eb022913/full/html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Social conflict]] is that between different social groups or demographics. This form of conflict often takes place when groups in society are marginalized, do not have the resources they desire, wish to instigate social change, or wish to resist social change. Significant social conflict can cause [[civil disorder]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mitchell |first=Christopher R. |title=Berghof Handbook for Conflict Transformation |publisher=Berghof Foundation |year=2005 |chapter=Conflict, Social Change and Conflict Resolution. An Enquiry.}}</ref> [[International conflict]] is that between nations or governments. It may be solved through [[diplomacy]] or [[war]].