Editing Hypercorrection (section)

==English==
English has no authoritative body or [[language academy]] [[codification (linguistics)|codifying]] norms for [[standard language|standard usage]], unlike some other [[language]]s. Nonetheless, within groups of users of English, certain usages are considered unduly elaborate adherences to formal rules. Such speech or writing is sometimes called ''hyperurbanism'', defined by [[Kingsley Amis]] as an "indulged desire to be posher than posh".{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

===Personal pronouns===
In 2004, Jack Lynch, [[assistant professor]] of English at [[Rutgers University]], said on ''[[Voice of America]]'' that the correction of the subject-positioned "you and me" to "you and I" leads people to "internalize the rule that 'you and I' is somehow more proper, and they end up using it in places where they should not – such as 'he gave it to you and I' when it should be 'he gave it to you and me.'"<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2007 |title=Wordmaster: Hypercorrection Is Not Simply Being Fussy or a Nitpicker or a Pedant |url=https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/a-23-2007-07-23-voa3-83133807/117349.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015120201/http://learningenglish.voanews.com/content/a-23-2007-07-23-voa3-83133807/117349.html |archive-date=15 October 2012 |access-date=28 January 2024 |website=[[Voice of America|VOA: Learning English]]}}</ref>

However, the linguists [[Rodney Huddleston]] and [[Geoffrey K. Pullum]] write that [[utterances]] such as "They invited Sandy and I" are "heard constantly in the conversation of people whose status as speakers of Standard English is clear" and that "[t]hose who condemn it simply assume that the case of a pronoun in a coordination must be the same as when it stands alone. Actual usage is in conflict with this assumption."<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Huddleston |first1=Rodney D. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/ocm57574762 |title=A student's introduction to English grammar |last2=Pullum |first2=Geoffrey K. |date=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-84837-4 |location=Cambridge, UK; New York |pages=107 |oclc=ocm57574762}}</ref>

===H-adding===
Some British accents, such as [[Cockney#Cockney speech|Cockney]], drop the initial ''h'' from words; e.g., ''have'' becomes ''{{'}}ave''. A hypercorrection associated with this is [[H-dropping#H-insertion|H-adding]], adding an initial ''h'' to a word which would not normally have one. An example of this can be found in the speech of the character [[Aloysius Parker|Parker]] in the [[marionette]] [[TV-series|TV series]] ''[[Thunderbirds (TV series)|Thunderbirds]]'', e.g., "We'll 'ave the haristocrats 'ere soon" (from the episode "Vault of Death"). Parker's speech was based on a real person the creators encountered at a restaurant in [[Cookham]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Voiceover: Gerry Anderson |url=http://davidgraham.co/blog/?page_id=27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901173717/http://davidgraham.co/blog/?page_id=27 |archive-date=1 September 2013 |access-date=5 March 2013 |website=David Graham Official Site}}</ref>

The same, for the same reason, is often heard when a person of Italian origins speaks English: "I'm ''h''angry ''h''at Francesco", "I'd like to ''h''eat something". This should not be expected to be consistent with the h-dropping common in the Italian accent, so the same person may say "an edge-og" instead of "a hedgehog" or just say it correctly.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Beauty of Italian-American "Broken" English – Language Analysis |date=2 January 2021 |url=https://hardcoreitalians.blog/2021/01/02/the-beauty-of-italian-american-broken-english-language-analysis/}}</ref>

===Hyperforeignism===
{{main|Hyperforeignism}}
Hyperforeignism arises from speakers misidentifying the distribution of a pattern found in loanwords and extending it to other environments.  The result of this process does not reflect the rules of either language.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wells |first=John Christopher |author-link=John C. Wells |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UJQwf05yzqYC&q=Accents+of+English:+An+Introduction&pg=PA108 |title=Accents of English: An Introduction |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1982 |isbn=978-0-521-29719-6 |page=108}}</ref> For example, ''[[habanero chili|habanero]]'' is sometimes pronounced as though it were spelled "habañero", in imitation of other Spanish words like ''jalapeño'' and ''piñata''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of HABANERO |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/habanero |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Machismo]]'' is sometimes pronounced "makizmo", apparently as if it were Italian, rather than the phonetic English pronunciation which resembles the original Spanish word, {{IPA|/mɑːˈtʃiz.mo/}}. Similarly, the z in ''[[chorizo]]'' is sometimes pronounced as /ts/ (as if it were Italian), whereas the original Spanish pronunciation has {{IPA|/θ/}} or {{IPA|/s/}}.

===English as a second language===
Some English-Spanish [[cognate]]s primarily differ by beginning with ''s'' instead of ''es'', such as the English word ''spectacular'' and the Spanish word {{Lang|es|espectacular}}. A native Spanish speaker may conscientiously hypercorrect for the word ''escape'' by writing or saying ''{{Not a typo|scape}}'', or for the word ''establish'' by writing or saying ''{{Not a typo|stablish}}'', which is [[Archaic word|archaic]], or an informal pronunciation in some dialects.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Huebner |first1=Thom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6BGdnKa2zcUC&pg=PA124 |title=Crosscurrents in Second Language Acquisition and Linguistic Theories |last2=Ferguson |first2=Charles A. |date=1 January 1991 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing |isbn=978-90-272-2463-7 |pages=124}}</ref>

=== Additional examples ===

* Using the verb ''affect'' in place of ''effect'' in cases where the intended meaning is "to bring about". The two terms can be pronounced very similarly, so English speakers may be taught (as a generalization) that ''affect'' is a verb whereas ''effect'' is a noun as a helpful rule-of-thumb when writing. However, ''effect'' is the appropriate choice in cases such as "to effect change", and ''affect'' can in rare cases function as a noun when referring to a person's observed emotional state.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Affect' vs. 'Effect' |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/grammar/affect-vs-effect-usage-difference |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref>
* The misuse of adverbs in an attempt to modify linking verbs. One might say "She feels badly", believing that ''badly'' should be used since it follows a verb, and adverbs typically end in –ly. However, in this case, ''feels'' functions as a [[linking verb]] between subject and its descriptor, and thus the adjective form (i.e., ''bad'') is appropriate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Is it 'feel bad' or 'feel badly'? |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/grammar/do-you-feel-bad-or-feel-badly#:~:text=%E2%80%9CI%20feel%20bad%E2%80%9D%20or%20%E2%80%9C,%22that%20looks%20deliciously%22). |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref> Other common instances of linking verbs include ''appears'' in "He appears healthy" and ''seems'' in "They seem nice".