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INTEGRAL
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==Spacecraft== [[File:Integral instruments.jpg|thumb|Integral instruments]] The spacecraft body ("service module") is a copy of the [[XMM-Newton]] body. This saved development costs and simplified integration with infrastructure and ground facilities. An adapter was necessary to mate with the different launch vehicle, though. However, the denser instruments used for gamma rays and hard X-rays make INTEGRAL the heaviest scientific payload ever flown by ESA. The body is constructed largely of composites. Propulsion is by a [[hydrazine]] [[monopropellant]] system, containing 544 kg of fuel in four exposed tanks. The titanium tanks were charged with gas to 24 [[Bar (unit)|bar]] (2.4 [[megapascal|MPa]]) at 30 Β°C, and have tank diaphragms. Attitude control is via a [[star tracker]], multiple [[Sun sensor]]s (ESM), and multiple [[momentum wheel]]s. The dual solar arrays, spanning 16 meters when deployed and producing 2.4 kW at beginning of life (BoL), are backed up by dual [[nickel-cadmium battery]] sets. The instrument structure ("payload module") is also composite. A rigid base supports the detector assemblies, and an H-shaped structure holds the coded masks approximately 4 meters above their detectors. The payload module can be built and tested independently from the service module, reducing cost. [[Alenia Spazio]] (now Thales Alenia Space Italia) was the spacecraft prime contractor.
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