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Image-guided surgery
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== Applications == During image-guided surgery, the procedure is guided by preoperative or intraoperative imaging. Image-guided surgery has been applied to procedures involving on multiple organs such as the brain, spine, pelvis/hip, knee, lung, breast, liver, and prostate.<ref name=Handbook2019>{{Citation| last = Abedin-Nasab| first = Mohammad| title = Handbook of Robotic and Image-Guided Surgery| publisher = Elsevier | year = 2019| edition = 1 |language = en| isbn = 9780128142455}}</ref> Part of the wider field of [[computer-assisted surgery]], image-guided surgery can take place in hybrid operating rooms using intraoperative imaging. A [[hybrid operating room]] is a surgical theatre that is equipped with advanced medical imaging devices such as fixed C-Arms, CT scanners or MRI scanners. Most image-guided surgical procedures are [[minimally invasive]]. A field of medicine that pioneered and specializes in minimally invasive image-guided surgery is [[interventional radiology]]. A hand-held surgical probe is an essential component of any image-guided surgery system as it provides the surgeon with a map of the designated area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://care.american-rhinologic.org/igs|title=Image-Guided Surgery|website=care.american-rhinologic.org|access-date=2018-03-14|archive-date=2018-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324132733/http://care.american-rhinologic.org/igs|url-status=dead}}</ref> During the surgical procedure, the IGS tracks the probe position and displays the anatomy beneath it as, for example, three orthogonal image slices on a workstation-based 3D imaging system. Existing IGS systems use different tracking techniques including mechanical, optical, ultrasonic, and electromagnetic. When [[fluorescence]] modality is adopted to such devices, the technique is also called [[fluorescence image-guided surgery]]. Image-guided surgery using [[medical ultrasound]] utilises sounds waves and as such does not require the protection and safety precautions necessary with [[Ionizing radiation|ionising radiation]] modalities such as [[fluoroscopy]], CT, X-Ray and tomography. Optical topographic imaging using [[structured light]] and [[machine vision]] stereoscopic cameras has been applied in neurosurgical navigation systems to reduce the use of intraoperative [[Ionizing radiation|ionising radiation]] as well.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jakubovic R, Guha D, Gupta S, Lu M, Jivraj J, Standish BA, Leung MK, Mariampillai A, Lee K, Siegler P, Skowron P, Farooq H, Nguyen N, Alarcon J, Deorajh R, Ramjist J, Ford M, Howard P, Phan N, Costa LD, Heyn C, Tan G, George R, Cadotte DW, Mainprize T, Yee A, Yang VX | display-authors = 6 | title = High Speed, High Density Intraoperative 3D Optical Topographical Imaging with Efficient Registration to MRI and CT for Craniospinal Surgical Navigation | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | pages = 14894 | date = October 2018 | pmid = 30291261 | pmc = 6173775 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-018-32424-z | bibcode = 2018NatSR...814894J }}</ref> Modern image-guided surgery systems are often combined with [[Robot-assisted surgery|robotics]].<ref name=Handbook2019 /> ===Neurosurgery=== The various applications of navigation for [[neurosurgery]] have been widely used and reported for almost two decades.<ref name="auto" /> According to a study in 2000, researchers were already anticipating that a significant portion of neurosurgery would be performed using computer-based interventions.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kelly PJ | title = Stereotactic surgery: what is past is prologue | journal = Neurosurgery | volume = 46 | issue = 1 | pages = 16β27 | date = January 2000 | pmid = 10626931 | doi = 10.1093/neurosurgery/46.1.16 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Recent advancements in ultrasound, including intravascular ultrasound ([[Intravascular ultrasound|IVUS]]) allow for real-time cross sectional mapping of vessels and lateral tissues providing calibrated measurements of vessel diameters, contours and morphology. Image-guided surgery was originally developed for treatment of brain [[tumors]] using [[stereotactic surgery]] and [[radiosurgery]] that are guided by [[computed tomography]] (CT), [[magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI) and [[positron emission tomography]] (PET) via technologies such as the [[N-localizer]]<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Galloway | first1 = RL Jr. | editor1-last = Golby | editor1-first = AJ | title = Image-Guided Neurosurgery | chapter = Introduction and Historical Perspectives on Image-Guided Surgery | pages = 2β4 | publisher = Elsevier | location = Amsterdam | year = 2015 | isbn=978-0-12-800870-6|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-800870-6.00001-7}}</ref> and Sturm-Pastyr localizer.<ref>{{ cite journal | vauthors = Sturm V, Pastyr O, Schlegel W, Scharfenberg H, Zabel HJ, Netzeband G, Schabbert S, Berberich W | s2cid = 38864553 | title = Stereotactic computer tomography with a modified Riechert-Mundinger device as the basis for integrated stereotactic neuroradiological investigations | journal = Acta Neurochirurgica | volume = 68 | issue = 1β2 | pages = 11β17 | year = 1983 | pmid = 6344559 | doi = 10.1007/BF01406197 }}</ref> Image-guided surgery systems are also used in spine surgery to guide the placement of implants and avoid damaging the nearby neurovascular structures.<ref name=Handbook2019 /> ===Orthopedics=== A mini-optical navigation system has been developed that makes real-time measurements to guide surgeons during total hip arthroplasty procedures.<ref name=Handbook2019 /> This image-guide surgery system involves a patient-mounted camera and a tracker for positional detection by the camera when mounted on surgical instruments or anatomical locations.<ref name=Handbook2019 /> ===Urology=== Image-guided surgery based on [[magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] is used to guide prostatic biopsy.<ref name=Handbook2019 /> Image guidance is used to assist surgeons with identifying anatomic landmarks and surgical planes between the prostate and neurovascular bundles during nerve-sparing procedures.<ref name=Handbook2019 /> This can help reduce negative effects of the procedure like sexual dysfunction and urinary incontinence.<ref name=Handbook2019 />
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