Editing Imperfective aspect (section)

== Indo-Aryan languages ==
Verbs in [[Hindi]]-[[Urdu]] ([[Hindustani grammar|Hindustani]]) have their [[grammatical aspect]]s overtly marked. [[Periphrasis|Periphrastic]] Hindi-Urdu verb forms (participle verb forms) consist of two elements, the first of these two elements is the aspect marker and the second element (the copula) is the common tense-mood marker.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=VAN OLPHEN|first=HERMAN|title=Aspect, Tense, and Mood in the Hindi Verb |date=1975|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24651488|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|volume=16|issue=4|pages=284–301|doi=10.1163/000000075791615397 |jstor=24651488 |s2cid=161530848 |issn=0019-7246|url-access=subscription}}</ref> There are two independent imperfective aspects in Hindi-Urdu: ''[[Habitual aspect|Habitual Aspect]]'', and ''[[Continuous and progressive aspects|Progressive Aspect]].'' These two aspects are formed from their participle forms being used with the copula verb of Hindi which is होना '''''honā''''' (to be). However, the aspectual participles can also have the verbs रहना '''''rêhnā''''' (to stay/remain), आना '''''ānā''''' (to come) & जाना '''''jānā''''' (to go) as their copula.<ref name=":222">{{Cite book|last=Shapiro|first=Michael C.|title=A Primer of Modern Standard Hindi|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1989|isbn=81-208-0475-9|location=New Delhi|pages=216–246}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Campbell|first=George L.|title=Compendium of the World's Languages|publisher=Routledge|year=1995|isbn=0-415-11392-X|location=Great Britain|pages=225–229}}</ref> The table below shows three verbs होना '''''honā''''' (to be), करना '''''karnā''''' (to do), and मरना '''''marnā''''' (to die) in their aspectual infintive forms using different copulas.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Mahajan|first=Anoop|date=2012-02-01|title=Ergatives, antipassives and the overt light v in Hindi|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0024384111002282|journal=Lingua|series=Accounting for Ergativity|language=en|volume=122|issue=3|pages=204–214|doi=10.1016/j.lingua.2011.10.011|issn=0024-3841|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |''Simple''
''Aspect''
! colspan="6" |''Imperfective Aspect''
|-
! colspan="4" |''Habitual''
''Aspect''
! colspan="2" |''Progressive''
''Aspect''
|-
|होना
''honā''

''<small>to be</small>''
|होता होना
''hotā honā''

''<small>to happen</small>''
|होता रहना
''hotā rêhnā''

''<small>to keep happening</small>''
|होता जाना
''hotā jānā''

''<small>to keep on happening</small>''
|होता आना
''hotā ānā''

''<small>to have been happening</small>''
|हो रहा होना 
''ho rahā honā''

''<small>to be happening</small>''
|हो रहा रहना
''ho rahā rêhnā''

''<small>to stay happening</small>''
|-
|करना
''karnā''

''<small>to do</small>''
|करता होना 
''kartā honā''

''<small>to be doing</small>''
|करता रहना
''kartā rêhnā''

''<small>to stay doing</small>''
|करता जाना
''kartā jānā''

''<small>to keep doing</small>''
|करता आना 
''kartā ānā''

''<small>to have been doing</small>''
|कर रहा होना 
''kar rahā honā''

''<small>to be doing</small>''
|कर रहा रहना
''kar rahā rêhnā''

''<small>to stay doing</small>''
|-
|मरना 
''marnā''

<small>''to die''</small>
|मरता होना 
''martā honā''

''<small>to be dying</small>''
|मरता रहना 
''martā rêhnā''

''<small>to stay dying</small>''
|मरता जाना
''martā jānā''

''<small>to keep dying</small>''
|मरता आना
''martā ānā''

''<small>to have been dying</small>''
|मरा रहा होना 
''mar rahā honā''

<small>''to be dying''</small>
|मर रहा रहना
''mar rahā rêhnā''

''<small>to stay dying</small>''
|}
''<small>Some translations are approximate, and the nuance cannot be expressed exactly in English. Some aspectual forms also have the same translations in English but are not interchangeable in Hindi-Urdu.</small>''

Now, these copula verbs (besides होना '''''honā''''') can themselves be converted into their participle forms and put into one of the three different aspects of Hindi-Urdu, which are ''[[Habitual aspect|habitual]]'', ''[[Progressive aspect|progressive]]'', and ''[[Perfective aspect|perfective]]'' aspects, hence generating sub-aspectual infinitive forms.<ref name=":222"/> This way a verb form combining two grammatical aspects is constructed. The table below shows the combined aspectual forms:
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="7" |''Imperfective Aspect''
|-
! colspan="6" |''Habitual''
''Aspect''
!''Progressive''
''Aspect''
|-
! colspan="3" |''रहना  (rêhnā)''
! colspan="2" |''जाना (jānā)''
!''आना  (ānā)''
!''रहना (rêhnā)''
|-
!''Habitual''
''subaspect''
!''Perfective''
''subaspect''
!''Progressive''
''subaspect''
!''Habitual''
''subaspect''
!''Progressive''
''subaspect''
!''Progressive''
''subaspect''
!''Habitual''
''subaspect''
|-
|होता रहता होना 
''hotā rêhtā honā''

''<small>to regularly keep happening</small>''
|होता रहा होना 
''hotā rahā honā''

<small>''to have been regularly happening''</small>
|होता रह रहा होना 
''hotā rêh rahā honā''

''<small>to stay being happening</small>''
|होता जाता होना 
''hotā jātā honā''

<small>''to continuously keep happening''</small>
|होता जा रहा होना 
''hotā jā rahā honā''

<small>''to continuously keep happening''</small>
|होता आ रहा होना 
''hotā ā rahā honā''

<small>''to have been continuously kept happening''</small>
|हो रहा रहता होना 
''ho rahā rêhtā honā''

''<small>to continuously stay happening progressively</small>''
|-
|करता रहता होना 
''kartā rêhtā honā''

''<small>to regularly keep doing</small>''
|करता रहा होना 
''kartā rahā honā''

<small>''to have been regularly doing''</small>
|करता रह रहा होना 
''kartā rêh rahā honā''

''<small>to stay being doing</small>''
|करता जाता होना 
''kartā jātā honā''

<small>''to continuously keep doing''</small>
|करता जा रहा होना
''kartā jā rahā honā''

<small>''to continuously keep doing''</small>
|करता आ रहा होना
''kartā ā rahā honā''

<small>''to have been continuously kept doing''</small>
|कर रहा रहता होना 
''kar rahā rêhtā honā''

''<small>to continuously stay doing progressively</small>''
|-
|मरता रहता होना
''martā rêhtā honā''

''<small>to regularly keep dying</small>''
|मरता रहा होना
''martā rahā honā''

<small>''to have been regularly dying''</small>
|मरता रह रहा होना 
''martā rêh rahā honā''

''<small>to stay being dying</small>''
|मरता जाता होना
''martā jātā honā''

<small>''to continuously keep dying''</small>
|मरता जा रहा होना 
''martā jā rahā honā''

<small>''to continuously keep dying''</small>
|मरता आ रहा होना 
''martā ā rahā honā''

<small>''to have been continuously kept dying''</small>
|मर रहा रहता होना 
''mar rahā rêhtā honā''

''<small>to continuously stay dying progressively</small>''
|}
''<small>The perfective subaspect of the habitual main aspect (habitual) also is imperfective (habitual). Also, these sub-aspects are even more nuanced that it is not possible to translate each of them into English in a unique way. Some translations don't even make sense in English.</small>''