Editing Implosive consonant (section)

==Types==
Implosives are most often voiced stops, occasionally voiceless stops. Individual tokens of glottalized sonorants (nasals, trills, laterals, etc.) may also be pronounced with a lowering of the glottis by some individuals, occasionally to the extent that they are noticeably implosive, but no language is known where implosion is a general characteristic of such sounds.<ref>Esling, John H.; Moisik, Scott R.; Benner, Allison; Crevier-Buchman, Lise (2019). Voice Quality: The Laryngeal Articulator Model. Cambridge University Press.</ref>

===Voiced implosives===
The attested voiced implosive stops are the following:

*[[voiced bilabial implosive]] {{IPA|[ɓ]}}
*[[voiced alveolar implosive]] {{IPA|[ɗ]}}
*[[voiced retroflex implosive]] {{IPA|[ᶑ]}} (letter is 'implicit' in the IPA)
*[[voiced palatal implosive]] {{IPA|[ʄ]}}
*[[voiced velar implosive]] {{IPA|[ɠ]}}
*[[voiced uvular implosive]] {{IPA|[ʛ]}}
*[[voiced labial–velar implosive]] {{IPA|[ɠ͜ɓ]}}

There are no IPA symbols for implosive fricatives, and no confirmed cases of implosive fricatives or affricates. Implosive affricates are occasionally reported, but further investigation typically reveals that such sounds are either stops or not implosive. For example, the Swahili ''j'' has an implosive allophone, but the distinction is pulmonic affricate {{IPA|[dʒ]}} vs implosive stop {{IPA|[ʄ]}}.<ref name="Swahhili">Contini-Morava, Ellen. 1997. Swahili Phonology. In Kaye, Alan S. (ed.), Phonologies of Asia and Africa 2, 841–860. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns.</ref> Similarly, implosive {{IPA|[ɗʒ]}} has been reported from [[Roglai language|Roglai]], but it has also been analyzed as {{IPA|[ʄ]}},<ref>Lee Ernest. 1966. Proto-Chamic phonologic word and vocabulary. PhD dissertation, Indiana University at Bloomington.</ref> and the implosive affricates reported from [[Gitxsan language|Gitxsan]] turn out to be [[lenis]] ejectives that are sometimes perceived as voiced.<ref>Gitxsan "does not have voiced implosive stops; rather, it has lax glottalized stops that display a creaky voice quality at the margin of the vowel in pretonic (and syllable-final) environments." &mdash; Bruce Rigsby & John Ingram (1990) "Obstruent Voicing and Glottalic Obstruents in Gitksan". ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 251–263.</ref>

===Voiceless implosives===
Consonants variously called "voiceless implosives," "implosives with glottal closure,"<ref name="SOWL">{{SOWL}}</ref> or "reverse ejectives" involve a slightly different airstream mechanism, purely glottalic ingressive.<ref name=":0" /> The glottis is closed so no pulmonic airstream is possible. The IPA once dedicated symbols {{angbr IPA|ƥ ƭ 𝼉<!--"implicit" in the IPA per Ashby--> ƈ ƙ ʠ ƙ͜ƥ}} to such sounds. These were withdrawn in 1993 and replaced with a voiceless diacritic, {{angbr IPA|ɓ̥ ɗ̥ ᶑ̥ ʄ̊ ɠ̊ ʛ̥ ɠ͜ɓ̥}}, though {{angbr IPA|Ƥ ƥ Ƭ ƭ Ƈ ƈ}} remain in [[serer language|Serer]] orthography. Some authors disagree with the analysis implied by the IPA voiceless diacritic and retain the dedicated voiceless letters, or, occasionally, transcribe them instead as ingressive ejectives {{angbr IPA|pʼ↓ tʼ↓ ʈʼ↓ cʼ↓ kʼ↓ qʼ↓ k͡pʼ↓}}. The IPA had also suggested the possibility<!--in the voting at the Kiel convention--> of a superscript left pointer, {{angbr IPA|p<sup>˂</sup> t<sup>˂</sup> ʈ<sup>˂</sup> c<sup>˂</sup> k<sup>˂</sup> q<sup>˂</sup> k͡p<sup>˂</sup>}}, which might also be used for fricatives, but it was not approved by the membership.

The attested voiceless implosive stops are:

*[[voiceless bilabial implosive]] {{IPA|[ɓ̥] or [ƥ]}}
*[[voiceless alveolar implosive]] {{IPA|[ɗ̥&thinsp;] or [ƭ]}}
*[[voiceless retroflex implosive]] {{IPA|[ᶑ̥&thinsp;] or [𝼉]}}
*[[voiceless palatal implosive]] {{IPA|[ʄ̥&thinsp;] or [ƈ&thinsp;]}}
*[[voiceless velar implosive]] {{IPA|[ɠ̊&thinsp;] or [ƙ]}} (may be [[paraphonemic]] in English)
*[[voiceless uvular implosive]] {{IPA|[ʛ̥&thinsp;] or [ʠ&thinsp;]}}
*[[voiceless labial–velar implosive]] {{IPA|[ɠ̊͜ɓ̥] or, [ƙ͜ƥ]}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Attested implosive consonants<ref>Bickford & Floyd (2006) ''Articulatory Phonetics'', Table 25.1, augmented by sources at the articles on individual consonants</ref><br><small>(excluding secondary phonations and articulations)</small>
|-
!
! [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Labial&ndash;velar consonant|Labial&ndash;<br>velar]]
! [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
|-
![[Voicelessness|Voiceless]]
| {{IPA link|ƥ}}
| {{IPA link|ƭ̪}}
| {{IPA link|ƭ}}
| {{IPA link|𝼉}}
| {{IPA link|ƈ}}
| {{IPA link|ƙ}}
| {{IPA link|ƙ͜ƥ}}
| {{IPA link|ʠ}}
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]]
|{{IPA link|ɓ}}
|{{IPA link|ɗ̪}}
|{{IPA link|ɗ}}
|{{IPA link|ᶑ}}
|{{IPA link|ʄ}}
|{{IPA link|ɠ}}
|{{IPA link|ɠ͜ɓ}}
|{{IPA link|ʛ}}
|}