Editing Ingrian language (section)

==History==

===Origin===

Ingrian is classified, together with [[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[Karelian language|Karelian]] (including [[Livvi]]), [[Ludic language|Ludic]] and [[Veps language|Veps]], in the [[Northern Finnic languages|Northern Finnic branch]] of the [[Uralic languages]].

The exact origin of [[Izhorians]], and by extension the Ingrian language, is not fully clear.<ref name=Konkova>{{Cite book|title=Ижора: Очерки истории и культуры|last=Konkova|first=Olga I.|isbn=978-5-94348-049-2|series=Коренные народы Ленинградской Области|language=ru|year=2009|location=St. Petersburg}}</ref> Most scholars agree that Ingrian is most closely related to the Karelian language and the [[Eastern Finnish dialects|Eastern dialects of Finnish]], although the exact nature of this relationship is unclear:

A popular opinion holds that the split of the Karelian and Ingrian languages can be traced back to around the 8th-12th centuries A.D., with the Ingrian language originating from a Pre-Karelian group travelling westward along the [[Neva river]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Происхождение карельского народа|last=Bubrikh|first=Dmitry V.|year=1947|page=32|publisher=Государственное издание Карело-Финской ССР|location=Petrozavodsk|language=ru}}</ref><ref name=Laanest1978>{{Cite book|title=Isuri keele ajalooline foneetika ja morfoloogia|last=Laanest|first=Arvo|year=1978|location=Tallinn|page=3}}</ref>

===Pre-Soviet descriptions===
The first Ingrian records can be traced back to the ''Linguarum totius orbis vocabularia comparativa'' by [[Peter Simon Pallas]], which contains a vocabulary of the so-called [[Chukhna]] language, which contains terms in Finnish, [[Votic language|Votic]] and Ingrian.<ref name=Laanest1978 /><ref name=Pallas>{{cite book|title=Linguarum totius orbis vocabularia comparativa|author=P. S. Pallas|language=ru|year=1786}}</ref>

Not much later, Fedor Tumansky, in a description of the [[Saint Petersburg Governorate]] adds vocabularies of various local languages, among which one he dubbed ''ямский'' ("the language of [[Kingisepp|Yamburg]]"), corresponding to the modern Ala-Laukaa dialect of Ingrian.<ref name=Laanest1978 /><ref name=Tumansky>{{cite book|title=Опыт повествования о деяниях, положении, состоянии и разделении Санктпетербургской губернии, включая народы и селения от времен древних до ныне, расположенный на три отделения с прибавлениями|author=F. O. Tumansky|year=1790|language=ru}}</ref>

During the [[Finnish nationalism|Finnish national awakening]] in the end of the 19th century, as the collection of [[Finnish poetry#Folk and oral poetry|Finnic folk poetry]] became widespread, a large number of poems and songs were recorded in lands inhabited by Izhorians, as well, and ultimately published in various volumes of ''[[Suomen kansan vanhat runot]]''. The songs, although originally sung in the Ingrian language, have been noted using Finnish grammar and Finnish phonology in many cases, as the collectors were not interested in the exact form of the original text.<ref name=Laanest1978 />

One of the collectors of the Ingrian poems, {{ill|Volmari Porkka|fi}}, has gone on to write a first grammatical description of Ingrian, including sections on the [[Ingrian dialects]] of Finnish.<ref name=Laanest1978 /><ref name=Porkka>{{cite book|title=Ueber den Ingrischen dialekt mit Berücksichtigung der übrigen finnisch-ingermanländischen Dialekte|author=V. Porkka|year=1885|language=de}}</ref> This grammar includes a thorough analysis of the Soikkola, Hevaha, and Ala-Laukaa dialects, and includes a handful of texts (notably, [[fairy tale]]s, including traditional versions of ''[[The Little Humpbacked Horse]]'' and ''[[Tsarevitch Ivan, the Firebird and the Gray Wolf]]'') in all four dialects of Ingrian.

===Early Soviet period===

In 1925, [[Julius Mägiste]] wrote a second grammatical description of Ingrian, this time of the Finnic varieties spoken in a handful of villages along the {{ill|Rosona river|ru|Россонь}}, which showed both Ingrian and Finnish features.<ref name=Laanest1978 /><ref name=Mägiste>{{cite book|title=Rosona (eesti Ingeri) murde pääjooned|author=J. Mägiste|year=1925|language=et}}</ref> This variety was closely related to the modern [[Siberian Ingrian Finnish]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=D. Sidorkevich|url=https://iling.spb.ru/theses/1999|title=Язык ингерманландских переселенцев в Сибири: структура, диалектные особенности, контактные явления. Дисс. канд. филол. наук (PhD thesis)|publisher=The [[Institute for Linguistic Studies]] of the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]]|year=2014|location=Saint Petersburg|language=Russian}}</ref> Simultaneously, in the late 1920s, Ingrian-speaking [[selsovet]]s started to form across the Ingrian-speaking territory.<ref name=Konkova />

In 1932, a total of 19 schools were opened where education was performed in Ingrian.<ref name=Konkova /> A first [[Primer (textbook)|primer]] in the Ingrian language was published, based on a subdialect of Soikkola Ingrian.<ref>{{cite book|last=Duubof|first=V. S.|last2=Lensu|first2=J. J.|last3=Junus|first3=V. I.|title=Ensikirja ja lukukirja inkeroisia oppikoteja vart|trans-title=Primer and reading book for Ingrian schools|url=http://fennougrica.kansalliskirjasto.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/61494/bx000010953.pdf?sequence=1|place=Leningrad|publisher=Valtion kustannusliike kirja|year=1932|pages=89 (вкладка)|language=izh}}</ref> The primer was the first of a series of schoolbooks written in this dialect. A number of features characteristic of the language in which these books were written included the [[Ingrian phonology#Vowels|vowel raising of mid vowels]], and a lack of distinction between voiced, semivoiced and voiceless consonants.

By 1935, the number of Ingrian schools increased to 23 (18 primary schools and 5 secondary schools).<ref name=Konkova /> At the same time, a systematic process of assimilation had begun.<ref name=Konkova />

In 1936, {{ill|Väinö Junus|fi}}, one of the authors of the above mentioned books, wrote a grammar of the Ingrian language, in Ingrian.<ref>{{cite book|author=V. I. Junus|title=Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka|year=1936|url=https://fennougrica.kansalliskirjasto.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/61204/bx000010800.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y|language=izh}}</ref> In the grammar, Junus introduced a literary language for Ingrian, which he based on the then most populous dialects: the Soikkola and Ala-Laukaa dialects. Junus' grammar included rules for spelling and inflection, as well as a general description of the spoken Ingrian language. The grammar introduced a new age of written Ingrian, and was soon followed by another wave of schoolbooks, written in the new literary variety of Ingrian.
The Ingrian schools stayed open until the mass repressions in 1937, during which Väinö Junus and many other teachers were executed, the schoolbooks were confiscated, and by 1938, the Ingrian [[selsovet]]s were closed. Many Izhorians were sent to [[concentration camp]]s or executed.<ref name="kurs">{{Cite journal|title=Ingria: The broken landbridge between Estonia and Finland|journal=GeoJournal|volume=33|issue=1|pages=107–113|last=Kurs|first=Ott|year=1994|doi=10.1007/BF00810142}}</ref><ref name=Konkova />

During the world war, many Izhorians fell in battle, and starved due to the famine the war brought. A large number of Izhorians was deported, among with [[Ingrian Finns]] and [[Votians]] to Finland in 1943-1944, as part of an agreement between Finland and Germany during the [[Continuation War]]. Almost all Izhorian families decided to return to the Soviet Union after the war ended.<ref name=Konkova /> Upon return to the Soviet Union after the war, Izhorians were banned from settling their native lands, and were instead scattered across the nation.<ref name=Konkova />

Due to the many repressions, deportations and war, the number of Izhorians, as well as Ingrian speakers, decreased dramatically.<ref name=Konkova /><ref name=Minorities /> The 1926 census counted over 16.000 Izhorians. In 1939 this number decreased to just over 7.000, and by 1959 just 369 people claimed to be native Ingrian speakers.<ref name=Konkova />

===Alphabet (1932)===

{| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
|+
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | A a
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ä ä
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | E e
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | F f
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | H h
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | I i
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | J j
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | K k
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | L l
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | M m
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | N n
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | O o
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ö ö
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | P p
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | R r
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | S s
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | T t
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | U u
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | V v
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Y y
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | B b
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | G g
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | D d
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Z z
|}

=== Alphabet (1936) ===

The order of the 1936 alphabet is similar to the [[Russian Cyrillic alphabet]].

{| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | A a
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ä ä
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | B b
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | V v
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | G g
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | D d
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | E e
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ƶ ƶ
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Z z
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | I i
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | J j
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | K k
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | L l
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | M m
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | N n
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | O o
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ö ö
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | P p
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | R r
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | S s
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | T t
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | U u
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Y y
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | F f
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | H h
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | C c
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ç ç
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ş ş
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ь
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |
|}

===Alphabet (2005–present)===
The order of the current alphabet matches the [[Finnish alphabet]].

{| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | A a
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | B b
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | C c
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | D d
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | E e
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | F f
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | G g
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | H h
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | I i
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | J j
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | K k
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | L l
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | M m
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | N n
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | O o
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | P p
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | R r
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | S s
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Š š
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | T t
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | U u
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | V v
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Y y
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Z z
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ž ž
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ä ä
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ö ö
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | (Ь ь)
|}