Editing Interplanetary Internet (section)

==Development==
Space communication technology has steadily evolved from expensive, one-of-a-kind point-to-point architectures, to the re-use of technology on successive missions, to the development of standard protocols agreed upon by space agencies of many countries. This last phase has gone on since 1982 through the efforts of the [[Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems]] (CCSDS),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://public.ccsds.org/|title=CCSDS.org - The Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS)|access-date=May 15, 2006|archive-date=July 5, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705082312/http://public.ccsds.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> a body composed of the major space agencies of the world. It has 11 member agencies, 32 observer agencies, and over 119 industrial associates.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://public.ccsds.org/about/default.aspx | title = About CCSDS | accessdate = 2021-02-20 | url-status=live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210220103653/https://public.ccsds.org/about/default.aspx | archive-date = 2021-02-20}}</ref>

The evolution of space data system standards has gone on in parallel with the evolution of the Internet, with conceptual cross-pollination where fruitful, but largely as a separate evolution. Since the late 1990s, familiar Internet protocols and CCSDS space link protocols have integrated and converged in several ways; for example, the successful [[FTP|FTP file transfer]] to Earth-orbiting [[Space Technology Research Vehicle#STRV 1A .26 1B|STRV 1B]] on January 2, 1996, which ran FTP over the CCSDS IPv4-like [[Space Communications Protocol Specifications]] (SCPS) protocols.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.klabs.org/DEI/References/avionics/small_sat_conference/1996/strv.pdf|title=The Space Technology Research Vehicles: STRV-1a, b, c and d|first1=Richard|last1=Blott|first2=Nigel|last2=Wells|journal=AIAA Small Satellite Conference|location=Logan, Utah|year=1996|access-date=March 5, 2009|archive-date=August 27, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827232702/http://www.klabs.org/DEI/References/avionics/small_sat_conference/1996/strv.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Appendix F, [https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.41.3150&rep=rep1&type=pdf CCSDS 710.0-G-0.3: Space Communication Protocol Specification (SCPS) - Rationale, Requirements, and Application Notes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304140522/http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.41.3150&rep=rep1&type=pdf |date=March 4, 2016 }}, Draft Green Book, Issue 0.3. April 1997.</ref>  Internet Protocol use without CCSDS has taken place on spacecraft, e.g., demonstrations on the [[UoSAT-12 satellite]], and operationally on the [[Disaster Monitoring Constellation]]. Having reached the era where networking and IP on board spacecraft have been shown to be feasible and reliable, a forward-looking study of the bigger picture was the next phase.{{fact|date=November 2020}}

{{stack|[[File:Cerf's Up-marquee-20071031.jpg|thumb|[[ICANN]] meeting, [[Los Angeles]], USA, 2007. The marquee pays a humorous homage to the [[Ed Wood]] film ''[[Plan 9 from Outer Space]]'' (1959), and the operating system [[Plan 9 from Bell Labs]], while namedropping Internet pioneer [[Vint Cerf]] using a spoof of a then-current film [[Surf's Up (film)|''Surf's Up'']] (2007).]]}}
The Interplanetary Internet study at NASA's [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] (JPL) was started by a team of scientists at JPL led by internet pioneer [[Vinton Cerf]] and the late [[Adrian Hooke]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://public.ccsds.org/about/halloffame/adrianhooke.aspx |title=CCSDS.org — CCSDS Hall of Fame — Adrian Hooke<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=November 5, 2017 |archive-date=November 7, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107112647/https://public.ccsds.org/about/halloffame/adrianhooke.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Cerf was appointed as a distinguished visiting scientist at JPL in 1998, while Hooke was one of the founders and directors of CCSDS.<ref>{{cite web|title=Adrian Hooke, CCSDS Founder and Lifetime Leader|url=https://public.ccsds.org/about/halloffame/adrianhooke.aspx|publisher=Consultive Committee on Space Data Systems|access-date=April 29, 2023}}</ref>

While IP-like SCPS protocols are feasible for short hops, such as ground station to orbiter, [[rover (space exploration)|rover]] to lander, lander to orbiter, probe to flyby, and so on, [[delay-tolerant networking]] is needed to get information from one region of the [[Solar System]] to another. It becomes apparent that the concept of a ''region'' is a natural architectural factoring of the Interplanetary Internet.{{fact|date=November 2020}}

A ''region'' is an area where the characteristics of communication are the same. Region characteristics include communications, security, the maintenance of resources, perhaps ownership, and other factors. The Interplanetary Internet is a "network of regional internets".<ref name="sunset">{{citation |url=http://sunset.usc.edu/gsaw/gsaw2003/s3/hooke.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312011436/http://sunset.usc.edu/gsaw/gsaw2003/s3/hooke.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-12 |title=Interplanetary Internet |author=Scott Burleigh |display-authors=etal}}</ref>

What is needed then, is a standard way to achieve end-to-end communication through multiple regions in a disconnected, variable-delay environment using a generalized suite of protocols. Examples of regions might include the terrestrial Internet as a region, a region on the surface of the Moon or Mars, or a ground-to-orbit region.{{fact|date=November 2020}}

The recognition of this requirement led to the concept of a "bundle" as a high-level way to address the generalized Store-and-Forward problem. Bundles are an area of new protocol development in the upper layers of the [[Osi model|OSI model]], above the [[Osi model#Layer 4: transport layer|Transport Layer]] with the goal of addressing the issue of bundling store-and-forward information so that it can reliably traverse radically dissimilar environments constituting a "network of regional internets".{{fact|date=November 2020}}

[[Delay-tolerant networking]] (DTN) was designed to enable standardized communications over long distances and through time delays. At its core is the Bundle Protocol (BP), which is similar to the Internet Protocol, or IP, that serves as the heart of the Internet here on Earth.  The big difference between the regular Internet Protocol (IP) and the Bundle Protocol is that IP assumes a seamless end-to-end data path, while BP is built to account for errors and disconnections — glitches that commonly plague deep-space communications.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.space.com/18405-interplanetary-internet-robot-space-station.html|title=Space Station Astronaut Drives Robot on Earth via 'Interplanetary Internet'|website=[[Space.com]]|date=November 9, 2012|access-date=November 29, 2012|archive-date=November 18, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118172635/http://www.space.com/18405-interplanetary-internet-robot-space-station.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Bundle Service Layering, implemented as the Bundling protocol suite for [[delay-tolerant networking]], will provide general-purpose delay-tolerant protocol services in support of a range of applications: custody transfer, segmentation and reassembly, end-to-end reliability, end-to-end security, and end-to-end routing among them. The Bundle Protocol was first tested in space on the [[UK-DMC|UK-DMC satellite]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20090020378/downloads/20090020378.pdf?attachment=true|title=Use of the Delay-Tolerant Networking Bundle Protocol from Space|last1=Wood|first1=Lloyd|last2=Ivancic|first2=Will|last3=Eddy|first3=Wesley|last4=Stewart|first4=Dave|last5=Northam|first5=James|last6=Jackson|first6=Chris|last7=Da|first7=Alex|last8=Da Silva Curiel|first8=Alex|journal=59th International Astronautical Congress|location=Glasgow|date=September 2008|access-date=June 18, 2021|archive-date=June 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202814/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20090020378/downloads/20090020378.pdf?attachment=true|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sstl.co.uk/Press/UK-DMC-satellite-first-to-transfer-sensor-data-fro|title=UK-DMC satellite first to transfer sensor data from space using 'bundle' protocol|website=Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd|date=11 September 2008|access-date=March 4, 2016|archive-date=March 10, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310050429/http://www.sstl.co.uk/Press/UK-DMC-satellite-first-to-transfer-sensor-data-fro|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{stack|[[File:Deep Impact HRI.jpeg|thumb|210px|The ''[[Deep Impact (spacecraft)|Deep Impact]]'' mission]]}}

An example of one of these end-to-end applications flown on a space mission is the [[CCSDS File Delivery Protocol]] (CFDP), used on the ''[[Deep Impact (spacecraft)|Deep Impact]]'' comet mission. CFDP is an international standard for automatic, reliable file transfer in both directions. CFDP should not be confused with [[Coherent file distribution protocol|Coherent File Distribution Protocol]], which has the same [[acronym]] and is an [[IETF]]-documented experimental protocol for rapidly deploying files to multiple targets in a highly networked environment.{{fact|date=November 2020}}

In addition to reliably copying a file from one entity (such as a spacecraft or ground station) to another entity, CFDP has the capability to reliably transmit arbitrarily small messages defined by the user, in the [[metadata]] accompanying the file, and to reliably transmit commands relating to file system management that are to be executed automatically on the remote end-point entity (such as a spacecraft) upon successful reception of a file.{{fact|date=November 2020}}

===Danuri===
To test the experimental system of the “[[space Internet]]”, [[Danuri]] (Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter) successfully forwarded a number of photos taken, as well as several video files, including, [[BTS]]’ [[Dynamite (BTS song)|“Dynamite”]] from outer space to Earth at Korea's [[Ministry of Science and ICT]], [[Korea Aerospace Research Institute]] (KARI), and the [[Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute]] (ETRI) on 7 November 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://universemagazine.com/en/south-korean-orbiter-sent-a-music-video-of-the-bts-group-to-earth/ |title=The South Korean probe "Danuri" sent a music video of the BTS group |date=November 17, 2022 |access-date=December 18, 2022 |archive-date=December 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218090948/https://universemagazine.com/en/south-korean-orbiter-sent-a-music-video-of-the-bts-group-to-earth/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=우주에서 보내온 BTS 다이너마이트 뮤직비디오ㅣ다누리 우주 인터넷 탑재체 | date=November 6, 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E4i6DtdqsQs |language=en |access-date=2022-12-18 |archive-date=December 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218094530/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=E4i6DtdqsQs |url-status=live }}</ref>