Editing Isaac R. Trimble (section)

==Civil War==
At the start of the Civil War, Trimble participated in efforts to restrict the movement of [[Union Army|Union]] troops to Washington, D.C., by burning bridges north of Baltimore. When he realized that Maryland would not [[secession|secede]] from the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]], he returned to Virginia and joined the Provisional Army of the state of Virginia as a [[Colonel (United States)|colonel]] of engineers in May 1861. He was appointed a [[Brigadier General (CSA)|brigadier general]] in the [[Confederate States Army]] on August 9, 1861, and was assigned to construct artillery batteries along the Potomac River and later the defenses of [[Norfolk, Virginia]]. He was given command in the [[Confederate Army of the Potomac|Army of the Potomac]] (the predecessor of the [[Army of Northern Virginia]]), of a brigade that consisted of regiments from four different states, effectively merging them into a single fighting unit.<ref>Eicher, p. 536; Krick, p. 60; Tagg, p. 328.</ref>

Trimble first saw combat as part of [[Stonewall Jackson|Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson]]'s [[Jackson's Valley Campaign|spring 1862 campaign]] in the [[Shenandoah Valley]]. He distinguished himself in the [[Battle of Cross Keys]] by fighting off an attack from Union troops under Maj. Gen. [[John C. Frémont]], and then seizing the initiative to counterattack and rout them. During the [[Seven Days Battles]] under Jackson outside of [[Richmond, Virginia]], his brigade had few engagements, but they fought hard at [[Battle of Gaines' Mill|Gaines' Mill]] and he sought to follow up the unsuccessful Confederate assault on [[Battle of Malvern Hill|Malvern Hill]] by making a night attack, but his request was refused.<ref>Krick, pp. 60–61; Tagg, pp. 328–29.</ref>

In the [[Northern Virginia Campaign]], Trimble's brigade performed well at the [[Battle of Cedar Mountain]] and defeated a Union brigade at [[First Battle of Rappahannock Station|Freeman's Ford]] in mid-August. The brigade marched with Jackson around Maj. Gen. [[John Pope (general)|John Pope]]'s main force and Trimble played a major role in the [[Battle of Manassas Station Operations]], seizing a critical supply depot in Pope's rear. Trimble's forced march and action at Manassas Station received praise from Jackson, who said it was "the most brilliant that has come under my observation during the present war." Pope was forced by this maneuver into attacking Jackson's strong defensive positions and suffered a severe defeat in the [[Second Battle of Bull Run]]. Trimble was wounded in the leg during the battle on August 29, resulting in an injury so severe that there was speculation that he was hit with an explosive bullet.<ref>Krick, p. 61; Tagg, p. 329; Freeman, vol. II, p. 118, states that it was a "Belgian explosive bullet". Although Krick implies that Trimble resisted having his leg amputated, Long reports that the general insisted on it, but the doctor resisted.</ref>

Although Trimble avoided the amputation of his wounded leg, his rehabilitation proceeded slowly. For months after, doctors periodically found bone fragments that had to be extracted. By November, he developed camp [[erysipelas]] and a probable case of [[osteomyelitis]], and his ambitions for elevation to division command were on hold until he was well enough to return to active duty. He made his desire for promotion abundantly clear to his colleagues, and in one instance before the army moved north to Manassas, he was quoted as saying (probably humorously), "General Jackson, before this war is over, I intend to be a Major General or a corpse!"<ref>Freeman, vol. II, pp. 273–74, 256–57; Long, p. 125.</ref> Jackson wrote a strong letter of recommendation, although he tempered it by including the sentence "I do not regard him as a good disciplinarian." Trimble engaged in a letterwriting campaign from his sick bed to obtain his promotion and to challenge Jackson's claim. He wrote to Adjutant General [[Samuel Cooper (general)|Samuel Cooper]], "If I am to have promotion I want it ''at once'' and I particularly request, that my date may be from 26 August, the date of the capture of Manassas." (During this period Trimble also feuded with Maj. Gen. [[J. E. B. Stuart]] about their conflicting reports of the battle and who bore primary responsibility for the seizure of the Union supply depot.)<ref>Freeman, vol. II, p. 416, 502–03.</ref>

Trimble was eventually promoted to [[Major General (CSA)|major general]] on January 17, 1863, and assigned to the command of Jackson's old division, but he continued to be unable to command in the field due to his health. At the [[Battle of Chancellorsville]] Brig. Gen. [[Raleigh E. Colston]], as the senior brigadier general, commanded Trimble's division. A recurrence of illness forced him to turn over his division command in the Second Corps to Maj. Gen. [[Edward Johnson (general)|Edward "Allegheny" Johnson]] and he was assigned to light duty as commander of the [[Valley District]] in the Shenandoah Valley on May 28, 1863.<ref>Krick, p. 61; Eicher, 536; Tagg, p. 329; Freeman, vol. II, pp. 416, 701; Long, p. 125. Eicher and Krick list his promotion date as January 17, Freeman and Tagg as January 19.</ref>

By June 1863, Gen. [[Robert E. Lee]]'s Army of Northern Virginia had crossed the [[Potomac River]] in the [[Gettysburg Campaign]]. Trimble was desperate to get back into action, particularly because he was familiar with the area from his railroad days. He joined Lee's headquarters unsolicited, and wore out his welcome hanging around without formal assignment. Riding north, he caught up with [[Lieutenant General (CSA)|Lt. Gen.]] [[Richard S. Ewell]] on the way to [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania]], and joined his staff as a supernumerary, or senior officer without a command. He and Ewell quarreled frequently due to this clumsy arrangement and Trimble's lack of tact.<ref name=Tagg329>Tagg, p. 329.</ref>

At the [[Battle of Gettysburg]], Ewell's Second Corps reached the battlefield in the early afternoon of the first day, July 1, 1863, smashing into the Union [[XI Corps (Union Army)|XI Corps]] and driving it south through the town to [[Cemetery Hill]]. Trimble wrote the following about his encounter with Ewell:

{{Quotation|The battle was over and we had won it handsomely. General Ewell moved about uneasily, a good deal excited, and seemed to me to be undecided what to do next. I approached him and said: "Well, General, we have had a grand success; are you not going to follow it up and push our advantage?"

He replied that General Lee had instructed him not to bring on a general engagement without orders, and that he would wait for them.

I said, "That hardly applies to the present state of things, as we have fought a hard battle already, and should secure the advantage gained". He made no rejoinder, but was far from composure. I was deeply impressed with the conviction that it was a critical moment for us and made a remark to that effect.

As no movement seemed immediate, I rode off to our left, north of the town, to reconnoitre, and noticed conspicuously the wooded hill northeast of Gettysburg (Culp's), and a half mile distant, and of an elevation to command the country for miles each way, and overlooking Cemetery Hill above the town. Returning to see General Ewell, who was still under much embarrassment, I said, "General, ''There''," pointing to Culp's Hill, "is an eminence of commanding position, and not now occupied, as it ought to be by us or the enemy soon. I advise you to send a brigade and hold it if we are to remain here." He said: "Are you sure it commands the town?" [I replied,] "Certainly it does, as you can see, and it ought to be held by us at once." General Ewell made some impatient reply, and the conversation dropped.|Isaac R. Trimble|Southern Historical Society Papers<ref>Trimble, ''Southern Historical Society Papers''.</ref>}}

Observers have reported that the "impatient reply" was, "When I need advice from a junior officer I generally ask for it." They also stated that Trimble threw down his sword in disgust and stormed off. A more colorful version of this account has been immortalized in [[Michael Shaara]]'s novel, ''[[The Killer Angels]]'' and in the film ''[[Gettysburg (1993 film)|Gettysburg]]'', where Trimble directly tells Robert E. Lee his feelings about Ewell not taking the hill. <ref>Tagg, p. 329. Freeman, vol. 3, p. 95, gives a detailed account of what was probably said, and not said, in the unrecorded confrontation between Trimble and Ewell.</ref>

On July 3, 1863, Trimble was one of the three division commanders in [[Pickett's Charge]]. He stepped in to replace Maj. Gen. [[William Dorsey Pender|W. Dorsey Pender]], of Lt. Gen. [[A. P. Hill]]'s corps, who had been mortally wounded the previous day. Trimble was at a great disadvantage because he had never worked with these troops before. His division participated in the left section of the assault, advancing just behind the division led by Brig. Gen. [[J. Johnston Pettigrew]] (formerly by Maj. Gen. [[Henry Heth]]). Trimble rode his horse, Jinny, and was wounded in the left leg, the same leg hit at Second Bull Run. Despite feeling faint, the 61-year-old general was able to walk back to the Confederate line on Seminary ridge. His leg was amputated by [[Hunter McGuire|Dr. Hunter McGuire]], and Trimble could not be taken along with the retreating Confederates, because of fear of infection that would result from a long ambulance ride back to Virginia, so he was left under the care of a family in Gettysburg on July 6 as the army withdrew. Trimble complained bitterly that if his leg had been amputated at Second Bull Run, the bullet would have missed him on this occasion. He was treated in the Seminary Hospital at Gettysburg until August. Of the charge on the third day of Gettysburg, Trimble said: "If the men I had the honor to command that day could not take that position, all hell couldn't take it."<ref>Long, p. 125; Krick, p. 61; Tagg, pp. 329–30; Gottfried, p. 650.</ref>

Gettysburg marked the end of Trimble's active military career. He spent the next year and a half in Federal hands at [[Johnson's Island]] and [[Fort Warren (Massachusetts)|Fort Warren]]. He was recommended for [[parole]] soon after capture, but former [[U.S. Secretary of War]] [[Simon Cameron]] recommended against it, citing Trimble's expert knowledge of northern railroads. In March 1865, Lt. Gen. [[Ulysses S. Grant]] ordered Trimble to be sent to [[City Point, Virginia]], for exchange, but by the time he reached there, Robert E. Lee's army was already retreating in the [[Appomattox Campaign]]. Trimble was finally paroled in [[Lynchburg, Virginia]], on April 16, 1865, just after Lee's surrender.<ref>Long, pp. 126–28; Eicher, p. 536; Krick, p. 61; Tagg, p. 330.</ref>