Editing Isabella II (section)

==Reign as an adult==
{{main|Reign of Isabella II of Spain}}

=== Beginnings ===
[[File:Castelaro-isabel II jura la constitucion.JPG|thumb|''Isabella swears the Constitution'', by {{ill|José Castelaro|es}}.]]
Isabella was declared of age and swore the [[Spanish Constitution of 1837|1837 Constitution]] on 10 November 1843,<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Los mecanismos de creación normativa en la España del siglo XIX a través de la codificación penal|first=Gabriela|last=Cobo del Rosal Pérez|journal=Anuario de Historia del Derecho Español|issn=0304-4319|issue=81|year=2011<!--|pages=921–972-->|page=935|url=https://www.boe.es/publicaciones/anuarios_derecho/abrir_pdf.php?id=ANU-H-2011-10092100972_ANUARIO_DE_HISTORIA_DEL_DERECHO_ESPA%C3%91OL_Los_mecanismos_de_creaci%C3%B3n_normativa_en_la_Espa%C3%B1a_del_siglo_XIX_a_trav%C3%A9s_de_la_codificaci%C3%B3n_penal}}</ref> age thirteen. Despite the alleged parliamentary supremacy, in practice, the "double trust" led to Isabella having a role in the making and toppling of governments, undermining the progressives.<ref>{{Cite journal|page=228|title=Liberalismo y cultura política liberal en la España del siglo XIX|first=Antonio|last=Moliner Prada|journal=Revista de História das Ideias|issn=0870-0958|publisher=[[University of Coimbra|Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra]]|location=Coimbra|volume=37|year=2019|doi=10.14195/2183-8925_37_9|s2cid=244017803|url=https://digitalis-dsp.uc.pt/jspui/bitstream/10316.2/46670/3/ebook%20Historia%20das%20Ideias%2037.pdf}}</ref> The uneasy alliance between moderates and progressives that had toppled Espartero in July 1843 was already disintegrating by the time of the coming of age of the queen.<ref name=perezalonso /> Following a brief government led by progressive [[Salustiano de Olózaga]], the moderates elected their candidate, [[Pedro José Pidal]], to the presidency of the Cortes.<ref name=perezalonso /> After the subsequent decision to dissolve the hostile Cortes by Olózaga on 28 November, rumours about an alleged forcing of the queen to sign the royal decree spread. As a result, Olózaga was prosecuted, removed from political office, and forced to exile, with the Progressive Party already being beheaded, in what was the starting point of their growing disaffection from the Isabelline monarchy.<ref name=perezalonso>{{Cite journal|title=Ramón María Narváez: biografía de un hombre de estado. El desmontaje de la falsa leyenda del "Espadón de Loja"|journal=Historia Constitucional: Revista Electrónica de Historia Constitucional|issn=1576-4729|issue=14|year=2013|last=Pérez Alonso|first=Jorge|pages=539–540|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/5700017.pdf}}</ref>

=== Moderate decade ===
{{Main|Década moderada}}
[[File:Federico de Madrazo y Kuntz - Retrato de Isabel II - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|right|Portrait painting of Isabella II by [[Federico de Madrazo y Kuntz]] (1844).]]
Dominated by the figure of [[Ramón María Narváez|Marshal Narváez]], the ''Espadón'' ("Big Sword") of Loja, the so-called "[[Moderate decade]]" began in 1844. The constitutional reforms devised by Narváez moved away from the 1837 Constitution by rejecting national sovereignty and reinforcing the power of the monarch, to the point of a "co-sovereignty" between the Cortes and the Queen.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Clases sociales y partidos políticos en la década moderada (1844–1854)|first=Miguel|last=Beltrán Villalva|journal=Historia y política: Ideas, Procesos y Movimientos Sociales|issn=1575-0361|issue=13|year=2005|pages=49–78|url=https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/Hyp/article/view/44708|publisher=[[Complutense University of Madrid|UCM]]; [[UNED]]; [[Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales|CEPC]]}}</ref>
<!--Moderados ruled from 1846 to 1854, Progressives from 1854 to 1856, and Unión Liberals from 1856 to 1863. Moderados and Unión Liberals quickly succeeded each other to keep out the Progressives, thus sowing the seeds for the Revolution of 1868.<ref>F.H. Gribble, ''The tragedy of Isabella, II'' (1913).</ref>-->
{{Main|Affair of the Spanish Marriages}}
On 10 October 1846, the Moderate Party made their sixteen-year-old queen marry her double-first cousin [[Francisco de Asís, Duke of Cádiz]] (1822–1902), the same day that her younger sister, [[Infanta Luisa Fernanda, Duchess of Montpensier|Infanta Luisa Fernanda]], married [[Antoine d'Orléans, Duke of Montpensier]].{{Refn|group=n.|Isabella and Francisco de Asís were rather caustically described by 1866 by an English contemporary thus:

::… The Queen is large in stature, but rather what might be called bulky than stately. There is no dignity either in her face or figure, and the graces of majesty are altogether wanting. The countenance is cold and expressionless, with traces of an unchastened, unrefined, and impulsive character, and the indifference it betrays is not redeemed by any regularity or beauty of feature.

::The King Consort is much smaller in figure than his royal two-thirds, and certainly is not a type that could be admired for its manly qualifications; but we have to remember that in Spain aristocratic birth is designated rather by a diminutive stature and sickly complexion than by those attributes of height, muscular power, open expression, and florid hue, which in England constitute the ideal of ‘race.’<ref>Mrs. Wm. Pitt Byrne, [https://books.google.com/books?id=y8hBAAAAIAAJ&q=%22cosas+de+Espana%22 ''Cosas De España, Illustrative of Spain and the Spaniards as they are, Volume II''], Page 7, Alexander Strahan, Publisher, London and New York, 1866.</ref>}} Disgusted by her marriage, Isabella reportedly commented later to one of her intimates: "what shall I tell you about a man whom I saw wearing more lace than I was wearing on our wedding night?"<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.realacademiabellasartessevilla.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/PEDRO-S%C3%81NCHEZ-N%C3%9A%C3%91EZ.pdf|page=219|title=El Duque de Montpensier, entre la historia y la leyenda|first=Pedro|last=Sánchez Núñez|journal=Temas de Estética y Arte|issn=0214-6258|issue=28|year=2014|publisher=[[Real Academia de Bellas Artes de Santa Isabel de Hungría]]|location=Seville}}</ref>

The marriages suited [[July Monarchy|France]] and [[Louis Philippe, King of the French]], who as a result bitterly quarrelled with Britain.<ref>[[Jasper Ridley (historian)|Jasper Ridley]], ''Lord Palmerston'' (1970) pp. 308–315.</ref> However, the marriages were not happy; persistent rumour had it that few if any of Isabella's children were fathered by her [[King Consort]], rumoured to be a homosexual. The Carlist party asserted that the heir-apparent to the throne, who later became Alfonso XII, had been fathered by a captain of the guard, Enrique Puigmoltó y Mayans.<ref>Juan Sisinio Pérez Garzón, Isabel II: Los Espejos de la Reina (2004)</ref>
[[File:Bautizo de la Infanta doña Isabel, Princesa de Asturias (Rafael Benjumea).jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Baptism of the Princess of Asturias in December 1851, by {{ill|Rafael Benjumea|es|Rafael Benjumea (pintor)}}]]
In 1847, a major scandal took place when Isabella, age seventeen, publicly showed her love for [[Francisco Serrano, 1st Duke of la Torre|General Serrano]] and her willingness to divorce from her husband Francisco de Asís;{{Sfn|Burdiel|2012|p=33}} though Narváez and Isabella's mother [[Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies|Maria Christina]] solved the problem posed to the monarchical institution—Serrano was shifted away from the capital to the post of Captain General of Granada in 1848—,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.es/madrid/20150212/abci-historia-calle-serrano-madrid-201502101226.html|website=[[ABC (Spain)|ABC]]|title=Serrano, el amante de Isabel II que dio nombre a la calle más comercial de Madrid|first=M.R.|last=Domingo|date=13 February 2015}}</ref> the deterioration of the public image of the queen increased from then on.{{Sfn|Burdiel|2012|p=33}} Following the [[Revolutions of 1848#Spain|near-revolution of 1848]], Narváez was authorised to rule as dictator to repress insurrectionary attempts up until 1849.{{Sfn|Beltrán Villalva|2005|p=50}}

In late 1851, Isabella II gave birth to her first daughter and heir presumptive, who was baptised on 21 December as [[Infanta Isabella, Countess of Girgenti|María Isabel Francisca de Asís]].{{Sfn|Cambronero|1908|p=168}} Historians have attributed the Princess of Asturias' biological parenthood to [[José Ruiz de Arana y Saavedra, Duke of Baena|José Ruiz de Arana]],<ref name=aportes>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.actashistoria.com/pdf/aportes/aportes_069/06_resenas.pdf|first=Agustín|last=Esteban Monasterio|title=Sexenio Revolucionario y Restauración|page=119|journal=Aportes|issue=69|volume=XXIV|year=2009}}</ref> [[Gentilhombres de cámara con ejercicio|''Gentilhombre de cámara'']].
[[File:Museo del Romanticismo - CE3809 - Regicidio del Cura Merino.jpg|thumb|right|Attempted regicide by the ''cura Merino'' in 1852]]

On 2 February 1852, Isabella and the Royal Guard were caught by surprise while the Queen was leaving the Chapel of the [[Royal Palace of Madrid|Royal Palace]] intending to go with her parade to the [[Basilica of Nuestra Señora de Atocha]]: {{ill|Martín Merino y Gómez|es}}, an ordained priest and liberal activist approached the queen giving the impression of wanting to deliver her a message,{{Sfn|Cambronero|1908|pp=170–171}} and stabbed her. The impact was reduced by the gold embroidery of her dress and by the [[baleen]] stays of her [[corset]], and what was intended to be a stab wound to the chest only resulted in a minor incision at the right side of the belly.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.diariosur.es/sociedad/201610/11/corse-reina-20161011203550.html|website=Diario Sur|title=El corsé de la reina|date=14 October 2016|first=Antonio|last=Paniagua}}</ref> Merino, quickly seized by the halberdiers of the Royal Guard (with help from the dukes of Osuna and Tamames, the Marquis of Alcañices and the Count of Pinohermoso),{{Sfn|Cambronero|1908|p=172}} was removed from sacerdocy and executed by ''[[garrote]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.madridiario.es/452630/cura-merino-efemerides|website=Madridiario|title=Puñalada en el costado en nombre de Martín Merino|first=Víctor|last=Sanz|date=2 February 2018}}</ref>

[[File:Episodio de la revolución de 1854 en la Puerta del Sol (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|July 1854 revolution in Madrid]]
Under the government of the [[Luis José Sartorius, 1st Count of San Luis|Count of San Luis]] (whose ascension to premiership had been solely founded on the support from the networks of the royal court),<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://jornades.uab.cat/congresinternacionalcorrupcio/sites/jornades.uab.cat.congresinternacionalcorrupcio/files/nunez_garcia_v._m.pdf|chapter=Corrupción y redes de poder en la Corte Isabelina|first1=Víctor Manuel|last1=Núñez García|first2=María Luisa|last2=Calero Delgado|title=La corrupción política en la España contemporánea: un enfoque interdisciplinar|year=2018|access-date=2020-08-22|archive-date=2022-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223044843/https://jornades.uab.cat/congresinternacionalcorrupcio/sites/jornades.uab.cat.congresinternacionalcorrupcio/files/nunez_garcia_v._m.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> the system was in a critical state by June 1854.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fernández Trillo|year=1982|page=17|first=Manuel|url=https://gredos.usal.es/bitstream/handle/10366/24871/THVIII~N87~P16-29.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y|journal=Tiempo de Historia|volume=VIII|issue=87|title= La Vicalvarada y la Revolución Española de 1854}}</ref> On 28 June 1854 a military ''[[pronunciamiento]]'' intending to force the queen to oust the government of the Count of San Luis, featuring [[Leopoldo O'Donnell]] (a "puritan" moderate), took place in [[Vicálvaro]], the so-called ''[[Vicalvarada]]''.{{Sfn|Fernández Trillo|1982|p=18–19}} The military coup (rather dominated by the moderates themselves) had a mixed result and O'Donnell (advised by [[Ángel Fernández de los Ríos]] and [[Antonio Cánovas del Castillo]]) proceeded then to seek for civilian support, promising new reforms not in the initial plans in order to appeal to progressives, by bringing a "liberal regeneration", as proclaimed in the ''[[Manifesto of Manzanares]]'', drafted by Antonio Cánovas del Castillo and issued on 7 July 1854.{{Sfn|Fernández Trillo|1982|pp=18–20}}

Days later, the situation was followed by a full-scale people's revolution, with revolutionary juntas organised on 17 July in Madrid,{{Sfn|Fernández Trillo|1982|p=25}} and barricades erected in the streets. With the prospect of a civil war on the horizon, Isabella was advised to appoint General Espartero (who enjoyed charisma and popular support) as prime minister.{{Sfn|Cambronero|1908|p=188}}{{Sfn|Fernández Trillo|1982|p=27}} This renewed ascension of Espartero marked the beginning of the ''bienio progresista''.

=== Progressive biennium ===
{{Main|Bienio progresista}}
<!--[[File:Eduardo Rosales Gallinas - Episodio de la Batalla de Tetuán.jpg|thumb|[[Spanish–Moroccan War (1859)|Spanish–Moroccan War]] in 1859]]-->
Espartero entered the capital of Spain on 28 July,{{Sfn|Cambronero|1908|p=192}} and proceeded to separate again Isabella from the influence of María Christina.{{Sfn|Cambronero|1908|p=194}} In any case, though Isabella accepted advice from María Christina, she was not characterised for displaying a profound filial love towards her mother.{{Sfn|Cambronero|1908|p=194}}

By virtue of a royal decree, the port of [[Iloilo City|Iloílo]] in then-[[Captaincy General of the Philippines|Spanish Philippines]] was opened to world trade on 29 September 1855, mainly to export sugar and other products to America, Australia and Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.gracianolopezjaena.org/port_of_iloilo.html |author=Demy Sonza |title=The Port of Iloilo: 1855–2005 |work=Graciano Lopez-Jaena Life and Works and Iloilo History Online Resource|publisher=Dr. Graciano Lopez-Jaena (DGLJ) Foundation, Inc.|url-status=usurped |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160119170507/http://www.gracianolopezjaena.org/port_of_iloilo.html |archive-date=2016-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.thenewstoday.info/2006/07/21/iloilos.position.under.colonial.rule.html |author=Henry Funtecha |title=Iloilo's position under colonial rule |publisher=thenewstoday.info}}</ref>

A [[Spanish Draft Constitution of 1856|Liberal Constitution]] ("the Unborn One") was drafted in 1856, yet it was never enacted as the counter-revolutionary coup by O'Donnell seized power.

=== Later reign ===
[[File:Reina Isabel II de España.jpg|thumb|right|Isabella circa 1868]]
On 28 November 1857, Isabella II gave birth to a male heir,{{Sfn|Cambronero|1908|p=210}} who was baptised on 7 December 1857 as [[Alfonso XII of Spain|Alfonso Francisco de Asís Fernando Pío Juan María Gregorio y Pelagio]].<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=[[Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes]]|title=Biografía de Alfonso XII de Borbón (1875–1885)|first=Rafael|last=Fernández Sirvent|url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/portales/reyes_y_reinas_espana_contemporanea/alfonso_xii_biografia/}}</ref> Assumed by historians to be the biological son of {{ill|Enrique Puigmoltó y Mayans|es}},<ref name=aportes /> the toddler, who replaced infanta Isabella as [[Prince of Asturias]] upon his birth, was known under the moniker {{lang|es|el Puigmoltejo}}, in reference to the rumours about his presumed biological parenthood.<ref name=vilches>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elespanol.com/opinion/tribunas/20170629/227597240_12.html|website=[[El Español]]|title=El puñal del godo en la familia Borbón|first=Jorge|last=Vilches|date=30 June 2017}}</ref> Isabella II showed a special affection for the child, greater than that shown to her daughters.<ref name=vilches />

The later part of her reign saw a [[Hispano–Moroccan War (1859–1860)|war against Morocco]] (1859–1860), which ended in a treaty advantageous for Spain and cession of some Moroccan territory, the [[Spanish occupation of the Dominican Republic|Spanish retaking of Santo Domingo]] (1861–1865), and the fruitless [[Chincha Islands War]] (1865–1866) against [[Bolivia]], [[Chile]], [[Ecuador]], and [[Peru]].

==== Revolution and coup ====
In August 1866, exiled forces comprising both elements from the [[Democratic Party (Spain)|Democratic]] and the [[Progressive Party (Spain)|Progressive Party]] met secretly in Belgium and subscribed to the [[Pact of Ostend]] under the initiative of [[Juan Prim|Marshal Prim]], seeking to topple Isabella.<ref name="xl">{{Cite web|url=https://www.xlsemanal.com/conocer/historia/20181017/revolucion-1868-la-gloriosa-isabel-ii-prim.html|website=XLSemanal|title=¿Por qué España echó a la reina Isabel II?|date=17 October 2018}}</ref> On 7 July 1868, Isabella banished her sister and brother-in-law from Spain, as they were linked to a conspiracy against the Crown in connivance with generals from the [[Liberal Union (Spain)|Liberal Union]].{{Sfn|Sánchez Núñez|2014|p=219}}

Since the late summer, Isabella II had been enjoying her traditional holiday on the coast at [[Lekeitio]], Biscay.{{Sfn|Vilar García|2012|pp=246–247}} The royal entourage moved to [[San Sebastián]] to hold a meeting with [[Napoleon III]] and [[Eugenia de Montijo]], scheduled for 18 September, but it did not take place, as the French royals did not arrive in time and it was subsequently aborted.{{Sfn|Vilar García|2012|pp=248–249}}

On that day, a ''[[pronunciamento]]'' took place in [[Cádiz]]. Led by Marshal Prim and the [[Juan Bautista Topete|Admiral Topete]] (himself an unconditional follower of the Duke of Montpensier),{{Sfn|Sánchez Núñez|2014|p=219}} it marked the beginning of the [[Glorious Revolution (Spain)|Glorious Revolution]].<ref name="xl" /> The Democratic Party provided the insurrection with popular support, making it transcend the nature of a simple military statement into an actual revolution.{{Sfn|Vilar García|2012|p=249}}

Factors for the revolution included the weariness of the moderates alienated by the Crown and the progressives barely having even the chance to rule. Both developed a [[wiktionary:vis-à-vis#English|vis-à-vis]] with the Isabelline monarchy.<ref name="constitulib" /> Other factors were the personal behaviour of the queen, the corruption, the abortion of the possibility of political reform and the economic crisis alienating the [[bourgeoisie]].<ref name="constitulib">{{Cite journal|issue=3|year=2018|issn=2530-4127|page=49|title=Evolución histórica del estado y la consolidación del constitucionalismo liberal español|first=Emna Mylena|last=Quintero Niño|journal=Auctoritas: Revista On-Line de Historiografía en Historia, Derecho e Interculturalidad|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/6946520.pdf}}</ref> Historians looking at social roots for the revolution highlight that [[peasant]]ry, [[Petite bourgeoisie|small bourgeoisie]], and the [[proletariat]] formed an alternative to bourgeoisie proper, articulated through the progressive and federal republican forces.<ref>{{Cite journal|volume=44|year=2001|url=http://revistaayer.com/sites/default/files/articulos/44-1-ayer44_SexenioDemocratico_Serrano.pdf|title=La historiografía en torno al Sexenio 1868-1874: entre el fulgor del centenario y el despliegue sobre lo local|first=Rafael|last=Serrano García|page=15|journal=Ayer}}</ref>
[[File:¡A Francia!, de Ortego.jpg|thumb|right|''To France!'', a caricature by [[Francisco Ortego]] depicting the exile of Isabella published in ''Gil Blas'' on 4 October 1868]]
By September 1868 Isabella was a repudiated monarch, and, during the early stages of the revolution, instances of political [[iconoclasm]] carried out by the masses took place, leading to the destruction of many symbols and emblems of the Bourbon dynasty, a ''[[Damnatio memoriae]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Iconoclasia antiborbónica en España el repudio simbólico de Isabel II durante la Revolución de 1868|first=Sergio|last=Sánchez Collantes|journal=Historia Constitucional: Revista Electrónica de Historia Constitucional|issn=1576-4729|issue=20|year=2019|page=25; 29|doi=10.17811/hc.v0i20.593|s2cid=204383086|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/7095649.pdf}}</ref>

The defeat of the Isabelline forces commanded by [[Manuel Pavía y Lacy]] by the revolutionary forces led by [[Marshal Serrano]] at the 28 September 1868 [[Battle of Alcolea (1868)|Battle of Alcolea]] led to the definitive demise of Isabella II's 35-year reign. In the light of the news, Isabella and her entourage left San Sebastián and went to exile taking a train to [[Biarritz]] (France) on 30 September.{{Sfn|Vilar García|2012|p=251}} As Isabella entered France after her abdication, her train passed a group of homecoming exiles who taunted her with cries of "Down with the Bourbons!", "Long Live Liberty!" and "Long Live the Republic!".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Carmen |first=Ennesch |title=Emigrations politiques, d'hier et d'aujourd'hui |publisher=Editions I.P.C. |year=1946 |location=Paris |pages=161 |language=fr}}</ref>

Prim{{Emdash}}leader of the liberal progressives{{Emdash}}was received in a festive mood by the Madrilenian people at his arrival in the capital in early October. He pronounced his famous speech of the "three nevers" directed against the Bourbons.{{Sfn|Cañas de Pablos|2018|p=212}} At the [[Puerta del Sol]], he gave a highly symbolic hug to Serrano, the leader of the revolutionary forces triumphant in the bridge of Alcolea.{{Sfn|Cañas de Pablos|2018|pp=212-213}}