Editing Isolationism (section)

==By country==
===Albania===
{{Main|People's Socialist Republic of Albania#Self-reliance}}

===Bhutan===
Before 1999, [[Bhutan]] had banned [[television]] and the [[Internet]] in order to preserve its culture, environment, and identity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bhutan/|website=CIA World Factbook|access-date=17 May 2017|title=South Asia :: Bhutan }}</ref> Eventually, [[Jigme Singye Wangchuck]] lifted the ban on television and the Internet. His son, [[Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck]], was elected Druk Gyalpo of Bhutan, which helped forge the [[Bhutanese democracy]]. [[Bhutan]] has subsequently undergone a transition from an [[absolute monarchy]] to a [[constitutional monarchy]] [[multi-party system|multi-party]] [[democracy]]. The development of ''Bhutanese democracy'' has been marked by the active encouragement and participation of the reigning [[Druk Gyalpo|Bhutanese monarchs]] since the 1950s, beginning with legal reforms, and culminating in the enactment of [[Constitution of Bhutan|Bhutan's Constitution]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insidebayarea.com/bhutan/ci_15906144 |title=Reporter's Notebook from Bhutan: Crashing the Lost Horizon |first=Matt |last=O'Brien |publisher=Contra Costa Times |date=2010-08-29 |website=Inside Bay Area |access-date=2011-09-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323203117/http://www.insidebayarea.com/bhutan/ci_15906144 |archive-date= Mar 23, 2012 }}</ref>

[[Tourism in Bhutan]] was prohibited until 1974. Since then, the country has allowed foreigners to visit, but has tightly controlled tourism in an effort to preserve its natural and cultural heritage. {{As of|2022|post=,}} tourists must pay a $200 per day fee on top of other travel expenses such as meals and accommodation. Prior to 2022, visitors were not allowed to travel independently and had to be accompanied by a [[tour guide]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yeginsu |first=Ceylan |date=2022-07-05 |title=Famous for Happiness, and Limits on Tourism, Bhutan Will Triple Fees to Visit |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/05/travel/bhutan-tourism.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=2023-02-18 |issn=0362-4331 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218233052/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/05/travel/bhutan-tourism.html |archive-date=2023-02-18  }}</ref> {{as of|2021|post=,}} Bhutan does not maintain formal [[foreign relations of Bhutan|foreign relations]] with any of the five [[permanent members of the UN Security Council]], notably including [[China]], its neighbor to the north with which it has a [[Bhutan–China relations|historically tense relationship]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chaudhury|first=Dipanjan Roy|title=Bhutan doesn't have diplomatic ties with any of the 5 UNSC permanent members|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bhutan-doesnt-have-diplomatic-ties-with-any-of-the-5-unsc-permanent-members/articleshow/59601903.cms?from=mdr|access-date=19 October 2021}}</ref>

===Cambodia===
{{Main|Post-Angkor Period}}
{{See also|Khmer Rouge}}
From 1431 to 1863, the [[Post-Angkor Period|Kingdom of Cambodia]] enforced an isolationist policy. The policy prohibited foreign contact with most outside countries. When [[Pol Pot]] and the [[Khmer Rouge]] came to power on 17 April 1975 and established [[Democratic Kampuchea]], the urban population of every city, including [[Fall of Phnom Penh|Phnom Penh]], was relocated to the countryside. This was ordered by the [[Communist Party of Kampuchea]] and the secret police [[Santebal]], and they then established an infamous prison gulag inside the torture chamber called [[Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum|Tuol Sleng (S-21)]]. Cambodia proceeded to implement the [[Year Zero (political notion)|Year Zero]] policy, hastening isolation from the rest of the world. Ultimately, the authority of the Khmer Rouge and its isolationist policy would collapse in 1978 when the [[Vietnam]]ese invaded the country and then overthrew Pol Pot on 7 January 1979.

===China===
{{Main|Haijin}}
{{See also|One China|Political status of Taiwan}}
After [[Ming treasure voyages|Zheng He's voyages]] in the 15th century, the foreign policy of the [[Ming dynasty]] in [[China]] became increasingly isolationist. The [[Hongwu Emperor]] was not the first to propose the policy to ban all maritime shipping in 1390.<ref>Vo Glahn, Richard. [1996] (1996). Pit of Money: money and monetary policy in China, c. 1000–1700. University of California Press. {{ISBN|978-0-520-20408-9}}</ref> The [[Qing dynasty]] that came after the Ming dynasty often continued the Ming dynasty's isolationist policies. [[Wokou]], which literally translates to "Japanese pirates" or "dwarf pirates", were pirates who raided the coastlines of China, Japan, and Korea, and were one of the key primary concerns, although the maritime ban was not without some control.

In the winter of 1757, the [[Qianlong Emperor]] declared that—effective the next year—[[Guangzhou]] was to be the only Chinese port permitted to foreign traders, beginning the [[Canton System]].<ref>{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mLBgaa8d4aMC |title=Intra-Asian Trade and the World Market |editor=A. John H. Latham |editor2=Heita Kawakatsu |display-editors=0 |series=Studies in the Modern History of Asia |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon |date=2006 |contribution=China's Overseas Trade Policy and Its Historical Results: 1522–1840 |page=10 |last=Shi |first=Zhihong |isbn=978-1-134-19408-7 |author-mask=Shi Zhihong }}</ref>

Since the division of the territory following the [[Chinese Civil War]] in 1949, China is divided into two regimes with the [[China|People's Republic of China]] solidified control on [[mainland China]] while the existing [[Taiwan|Republic of China]] was confined to the [[island of Taiwan]] as both governments lay claim to each other's sovereignty. While the PRC is recognized by the [[United Nations]], [[European Union]], and the majority of the world's states, the ROC remains diplomatically isolated although 15 states recognize it as "China" with some countries maintaining unofficial diplomatic relations through [[Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office|trade offices]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/08/taiwans-growing-diplomatic-isolation/|title=Taiwan's Growing Diplomatic Isolation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/local/archives/2001/09/12/0000102595|title = Taiwan and the United Nations - Withdrawal in 1971 was an historic turning point |website=Taipei Times|date = 12 September 2001 |first1= Monique |last1=Chu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324045720/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/local/archives/2001/09/12/0000102595 |archive-date= Mar 24, 2024 }}</ref>

===Japan===
{{Main|Sakoku}}
From 1641 to 1853, the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] of [[Japan]] enforced a policy called ''kaikin''. The policy prohibited foreign contact with most outside countries. The commonly held idea that Japan was entirely closed, however, is misleading. In fact, Japan maintained limited-scale trade and diplomatic relations with [[China]], [[Korea]], and the [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryukyu Islands]], as well as the [[Dutch Republic]] as the only Western trading partner of Japan for much of the period.<ref>400 jaar handel – [http://www.400jaarhandel.nl/ ''Four centuries of Japanese&ndash;Dutch trade relations: 1609&ndash;2009''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111044011/http://www.400jaarhandel.nl/ |date=2008-01-11 }}</ref><ref>Ronald P. Toby, ''State and Diplomacy in Early Modern Japan: Asia in the Development of the Tokugawa Bakufu'', Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, (1984) 1991.</ref>

The culture of Japan developed with limited influence from the outside world and had one of the longest stretches of peace in history. During this period, Japan developed thriving cities, castle towns, increasing commodification of agriculture and domestic trade,<ref>Thomas C. Smith, ''The Agrarian Origins of Modern Japan'', Stanford Studies in the Civilizations of Eastern Asia, Stanford, Calif., 1959,: Stanford University Press.</ref> wage labor, increasing literacy and concomitant [[print culture]],<ref>Mary Elizabeth Berry, ''Japan in Print: Information and Nation in the Early Modern Period'', Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006.</ref> laying the groundwork for modernization even as the shogunate itself grew weak.<ref>Albert Craig, ''Chōshū in the Meiji Restoration'', Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1961; Marius B. Jansen, ''Sakamoto Ryōma and the Meiji Restoration'', Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1961.</ref>

===Korea===
{{See also|Hermit kingdom|Juche}}
In 1863, [[Gojong of the Korean Empire|Emperor Gojong]] took the throne of the [[Joseon Dynasty]] when he was a child. His father, Regent [[Heungseon Daewongun]], ruled for him until Gojong reached adulthood. During the mid-1860s he was the main proponent of isolationism and the principal instrument of the persecution of both native and foreign Catholics.

Following the [[division of Korea|division of the peninsula]] after independence from [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] at the [[End of World War II in Asia|end of World War II]], [[Kim Il Sung]] inaugurated an isolationist [[Juche|nationalist regime]] in the [[North Korea|North]], which would continued by his [[Kim Jong-il|son]] and [[Kim Jong-un|grandson]] following [[Death and state funeral of Kim Il Sung|his death]] in 1994.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Drew (PhD) |first=Chris |date=2023-07-30 |title=25 Isolationism Examples (2023) |url=https://helpfulprofessor.com/isolationism-examples/ |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=helpfulprofessor.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Paraguay===
In 1814, three years after [[Independence of Paraguay|it gained its independence]] on May 14, 1811, Paraguay was taken over by the [[dictator]] [[José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia]]. During his rule which lasted from 1814 until his death in 1840, he closed Paraguay's borders and prohibited trade or any relationship between Paraguay and the outside world. The [[Spaniards|Spanish]] settlers who had arrived in Paraguay just before it gained its independence were required to marry old colonists or the native [[Guaraní people|Guaraní]] in order to create a single [[Demographics of Paraguay|Paraguayan people]].

Francia had a particular dislike of foreigners, and any foreigners who attempted to enter the country were not allowed to leave for an indefinite period of time. An independent character, he hated European influences and the [[Catholic Church]] and in order to try to keep foreigners at bay, he turned church courtyards into artillery parks and turned confession boxes into border sentry posts.<ref name=":0" />

===United States===
{{Main|United States non-interventionism#Isolationism between the World Wars}}

Some scholars, such as [[Robert J. Art]], believe that the United States had an isolationist history, but most other scholars dispute that claim by describing the United States as following a strategy of [[unilateralism]] or [[United States non-interventionism|non-interventionism]] rather than a strategy of isolationism.<ref name=ArtGrandStratpg172-173>{{cite book|last1=Art|first1=Robert J.|title=A grand strategy for America|date=2004|publisher=Cornell University Press|location=Ithaca, N.Y.|isbn=978-0-8014-8957-0|pages=172–73}}</ref><ref name=McDougallPLCSpg39-40>{{cite book|last1=McDougall|first1=Walter A.|title=Promised land, crusader state : the American encounter with the world since 1776|date=1998|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|location=Boston, Mass.|isbn=978-0-395-90132-8|pages=39–40}}</ref> Robert Art makes his argument in ''A Grand Strategy for America'' (2003).<ref name="ArtGrandStratpg172-173"/> Books that have made the argument that the United States followed unilaterism instead of isolationism include [[Walter A. McDougall]]'s ''Promised Land, Crusader State'' (1997), [[John Lewis Gaddis]]'s ''Surprise, Security, and the American Experience'' (2004), and [[Bradley F. Podliska]]'s ''Acting Alone'' (2010).<ref>[[Bradley F. Podliska|Podliska, Bradley F.]] ''Acting Alone: A Scientific Study of American Hegemony and Unilateral Use-of-Force Decision Making''. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-7391-4251-6}}</ref> Both sides claim policy prescriptions from [[George Washington's Farewell Address]] as evidence for their argument.<ref name="ArtGrandStratpg172-173"/><ref name="McDougallPLCSpg39-40"/> Bear F. Braumoeller argues that even the best case for isolationism, the United States in the interwar period, has been widely misunderstood and that Americans proved willing to fight as soon as they believed a genuine threat existed.<ref>Braumoeller, Bear F. (2010) "[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1111/j.1743-8594.2010.00117.x/asset/j.1743-8594.2010.00117.x.pdf?v=1&t=idkox1xs&s=0a733ff5e5ab90b455a9d501387f32935e75ac6b The Myth of American Isolationism.]" Foreign Policy Analysis 6: 349–71.</ref> Warren F. Kuehl and Gary B. Ostrower argue:
<blockquote>Events during and after the Revolution related to the treaty of alliance with France, as well as difficulties arising over the neutrality policy pursued during the French revolutionary wars and the Napoleonic wars, encouraged another perspective. A desire for separateness and unilateral freedom of action merged with national pride and a sense of continental safety to foster the policy of isolation. Although the United States maintained diplomatic relations and economic contacts abroad, it sought to restrict these as narrowly as possible in order to retain its independence. The Department of State continually rejected proposals for joint cooperation, a policy made explicit in the Monroe Doctrine's emphasis on unilateral action. Not until 1863 did an American delegate attend an international conference.<ref>Warren F. Kuehl and Gary B. Ostrower, "Internationalism" ''Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy'' ed. Alexander DeConde (2002) [http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Internationalism.aspx online]</ref></blockquote>