Editing Israel Zangwill (section)

==Career==
[[File:TIMEMagazine17Sep1923.jpg|thumb|right|''Time'' cover, 17 September 1923]]

===Writings===
Zangwill published some of his works under the pen-names J. Freeman Bell (for works written in collaboration),<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schneiderman |first=Harry |date=1928 |title=Israel Zangwill: a biographical sketch. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23601081 |journal=The American Jewish Year Book |volume=29 |pages=121–143 |jstor=23601081 }}</ref> and Countess von S. and Marshallik.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rochelson |first=Meri-Jane |title=A Jew in the Public Arena. The Career of Israel Zangwill. |publisher=Wayne State University Press |year=2008 |isbn=9780814340837 |location=Detroit}}</ref>

He had already written a tale entitled ''The Premier and the Painter'' in collaboration with [[Louis Cowen]], when he resigned his position as a teacher at the Jews' Free School owing to differences with the school managers and ventured into journalism. He initiated and edited ''Ariel, The London Puck'', and did miscellaneous work for the London press.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=1 |wstitle=Zangwill, Israel |volume=28 |page=956}}</ref>

[[File:TheMeltingpot1.jpg|thumb|right|Theatre Programme for the play ''[[The Melting Pot (play)|The Melting Pot]]'' (1916).]]
Zangwill's work earned him the nickname "the [[Charles Dickens|Dickens]] of the [[Jewish ghettos in Europe|Ghetto]]".<ref>[http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85066387/1895-08-25/ed-1/seq-16.pdf Israel Zangwill – A Sketch], by Emanuel Elzas; in the ''[[San Francisco Call]]''; published 25 August 1895; retrieved 14 May 2013; archived at the [[Library of Congress]]</ref> He wrote a very influential novel ''Children of the Ghetto: A Study of a Peculiar People'' (1892), which the late 19th-century English novelist [[George Gissing]] called "a powerful book".<ref>Coustillas, Pierre ed. London and the Life of Literature in Late Victorian England: the Diary of George Gissing, Novelist. Brighton: Harvester Press, 1978, p. 364.</ref>

The use of the metaphorical phrase "[[melting pot]]" to describe American absorption of immigrants was popularised by Zangwill's play ''[[The Melting Pot (play)|The Melting Pot]]'',<ref>Werner Sollers, ''Beyond Ethnicity: Consent and Descent in American Culture'' (1986), Chapter 3 "Melting Pots"</ref> a success in the United States in 1909–10. The theatrical work explored the themes of ethnic tensions and the idea of cultural assimilation in early 20th-century America.

When ''The Melting Pot'' opened in Washington, D.C., on 5 October 1908, former President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] leaned over the edge of his box and shouted "That's a great play, Mr. Zangwill. That's a great play."<ref>Guy Szuberla, "Zangwill's The Melting Pot Plays Chicago," ''Melus'', Vol. 20, No. 3, History and Memory. (Autumn, 1995), pp. 3–20.</ref> In 1912, Zangwill received a letter from Roosevelt in which Roosevelt wrote of ''The Melting Pot'' "That particular play I shall always count among the very strong and real influences upon my thought and my life."<ref>This passage is quoted on p.131 of "Theodore Roosevelt and the Idea of Race" by Thomas G. Dyer 1980 Louisiana State University Press (Paperback edition 1992). A footnote shows the letter to have been written on 27 November 1912. This letter is held in the Roosevelt Collection, Library of Congress.</ref>

The protagonist of the play is David Quixano, a Russian Jewish immigrant who arrives in New York City after the [[Kishinev pogrom]], in which his entire family is killed. He writes a great symphony named "The Crucible" expressing his hope for a world in which all ethnicity has melted away, and becomes enamored of a beautiful Russian Christian immigrant named Vera. The dramatic climax of the play is the moment when David meets Vera's father, who turns out to be the Russian officer responsible for the annihilation of David's family. Vera's father admits guilt, the symphony is performed to accolades, and David and Vera agree to wed and kiss as the curtain falls.

"''Melting Pot'' celebrated America's capacity to absorb and grow from the contributions of its immigrants."<ref>Kraus, Joe, "How The Melting Pot Stirred America: The Reception of Zangwill's Play and Theater's Role in the American Assimilation Experience," ''Melus'', Vol. 24, No. 3, Varieties of Ethnic Criticism. (Autumn, 1999), pp. 3–19.</ref> Zangwill was writing as "a Jew who no longer wanted to be a Jew. His real hope was for a world in which the entire lexicon of racial and religious difference is thrown away."<ref>[[Jonathan Sacks]] ''The Home We Build Together'', Continium Books, 2007, p. 26</ref>

However, the play also addresses the challenges and conflicts that arise when different ethnic groups collide. It portrays the tensions between the Jewish and Christian communities, as well as the struggles of immigrants to find their place in a new society while preserving their cultural heritage.

"The Melting Pot" resonated with audiences during its time, as it captured the spirit of the American immigrant experience and explored issues of assimilation, identity, and the potential for a unified nation. The play contributed to the discourse on multiculturalism and the American identity, and it remains a significant work in the context of American theater and the portrayal of ethnic tensions on stage.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shumsky |first=Neil Larry |date=1975 |title=Zangwill's 'The Melting Pot': Ethnic Tensions on Stage |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2711893 |journal=American Quarterly |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=29–41 |doi=10.2307/2711893 |jstor=2711893 |issn=0003-0678|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Zangwill wrote many other plays, including, on Broadway, ''[[Children of the Ghetto (1899 play)|Children of the Ghetto]]'' (1899), a dramatization of his own novel, directed by [[James A. Herne]] and starring [[Blanche Bates]], [[Ada Dwyer Russell|Ada Dwyer]], and [[Wilton Lackaye]]; ''[[Merely Mary Ann (play)|Merely Mary Ann]]'' (1903) and ''Nurse Marjorie'' (1906), both of which were directed by Charles Cartwright and starred [[Eleanor Robson Belmont|Eleanor Robson]]. Liebler & Co. produced all three plays as well as ''The Melting Pot''. [[Daniel Frohman]] produced Zangwill's 1904 play ''The Serio-Comic Governess'', featuring [[Cecilia Loftus]], Kate Pattison-Selten, and [[Julia Dean (actress, born 1878)|Julia Dean]].<ref>Burns Mantle and Garrison P. Sherwood, eds., ''The Best Plays of 1899–1909'', pp. 351, 449, 465–466, 521–522.</ref> In 1931, [[Jules Furthman]] adapted ''[[Merely Mary Ann]]'' for a movie with [[Janet Gaynor]].

Zangwill's simulation of Yiddish sentence structure in English aroused great interest. He also wrote mystery works, such as ''[[The Big Bow Mystery]]'' (1892), and social satire, such as ''[[The King of Schnorrers]]'' (1894), a [[picaresque novel]] (which became a short-lived musical comedy in 1979). His ''Dreamers of the Ghetto'' (1898) includes essays on famous Jews such as [[Baruch Spinoza]], [[Heinrich Heine]] and [[Ferdinand Lassalle]].

''The Big Bow Mystery'' was one of the first [[locked room mystery]] novels. It has been almost continuously in print since 1891 and has been used as the basis for three movies.<ref name=MJR>{{cite journal|jstor=1487027|title=Review of Dreamer of the Ghetto: The Life and Works of Israel Zangwill|first=Meri-Jane|last=Rochelson|date=1 January 1992|journal=AJS Review|volume=17|issue=1|pages=120–123|doi=10.1017/S0364009400012083}}</ref>
[[File:Signed drawing of Israel Zangwill by Manuel Rosenberg 1924.jpg|thumb|Signed drawing by [[Manuel Rosenberg]] 1924]]
Another much produced play was ''The Lens Grinder'', based on the life of [[Baruch Spinoza|Spinoza]].
[[File:Israel Zangwill by George Wylie Hutchinson.png|thumb|Israel Zangwill by his friend and illustrator George Wylie Hutchinson]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfPdAwAAQBAJ&q=Israel+Zangwill+%22george+hutchinson%22&pg=PA43|title=A Jew in the Public Arena: The Career of Israel Zangwill|first=Meri-Jane|last=Rochelson|date= 2010|publisher=Wayne State University Press|isbn=9780814340837|via=Google Books}}{{page?|date=December 2024}}</ref>

===Politics===
[[File:Israel Zangwill by Walter Sickert Vanity Fair 25 February 1897.jpg|thumb|right|{{center|"A Child of the Ghetto"<br />Zangwill as caricatured by [[Walter Sickert]] in ''[[Vanity Fair (British magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', February 1897.}}]]
[[File:ההסתדרות הטריטוריאליסטית.jpg|thumb|Members of the Jewish Territorialist Organization with Zangwill sitting in the front row center; the photograph in the center background is of Theodor Herzl. June 1905]]
Zangwill endorsed feminism and pacifism,<ref name=MJR /> but his greatest effect may have been as a writer who popularised the idea of the combination of ethnicities into a single, American nation. The hero of his widely produced play ''[[The Melting Pot (play)|The Melting Pot]]'' proclaims: "America is God's Crucible, the great Melting-Pot where all the races of Europe are melting and reforming...Germans and Frenchmen, Irishmen and Englishmen, Jews and Russians – into the Crucible with you all! God is making the American."<ref>As quoted in [[Gary Gerstle]] ''American Crucible; Race and Nation in the Twentieth Century,'' Princeton University Press, 2001, p. 51</ref>

====Jewish politics====
Zangwill was also involved with specifically Jewish issues as an assimilationist, an early Zionist, and a [[Jewish Territorialist Organization|territorialist]].<ref name=MJR /> Jewish territorialism was a political movement that emerged as a response to the rise of anti-Semitism in Europe during the early 20th century. It proposed the establishment of a Jewish homeland outside of Palestine, offering alternative solutions to the ongoing debate about Jewish self-determination and Zionism.<ref>{{Citation |last=Almagor |first=Laura |title='The Soul is Greater than the Soil': Jewish Territorialism and the Jewish Future beyond Europe and Palestine (1905–1960) |date= 2022 |url=https://www.schoeningh.de/edcollchap-oa/book/9783657708406/BP000018.xml |work=Constructing and Experiencing Jewish Identity |pages=141–147 |access-date=18 May 2023 |publisher=Brill Schöningh |language=en |doi=10.30965/9783657708406_010 |isbn=978-3-657-70840-6|doi-access=free }}</ref> After having for a time endorsed [[Theodor Herzl]], including presiding over a meeting at the Maccabean Club, London, addressed by Herzl on 24 November 1895, and endorsing the main Palestine-oriented Zionist movement. Zangwill changed his mind and founded his own organization, named the [[Jewish Territorialist Organization]] in 1905, advocating a Jewish homeland in whatever land might be available<ref>Israel Zangwill, Joseph Leftwich, Yoseloff, 1957, p. 219</ref> in the world which could be found for them, with speculations including Canada, Australia, Mesopotamia, Uganda and [[Cyrenaica]].<ref>"At the centennial of his birth, even some of those who recognized the continuing relevance of his efforts to define the Jew in the modern world separated the compelling nature of his struggle from the Victorianness of his writing and the insufficiency of his solutions: territorialism, universal religion, assimilation into an American 'melting pot.' As [[John Gross]] wrote in ''[[Commentary (magazine)|Commentary]]'', 'one honors the writer, and puts aside his books'." Rochelson, Meri-Jane, Review of ''Dreamer of the Ghetto: The Life and Works of Israel Zangwill'', by Joseph H. Udelson. ''AJS Review'', vol. 17, no. 1 (Spring 1992), pp. 120–123 {{JSTOR|1487027}}</ref>

Zangwill is inaccurately known for creating the slogan "[[A land without a people for a people without a land]]" describing Zionist aspirations in the Biblical land of Israel. He did not invent the phrase; he acknowledged borrowing it from [[Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury|Lord Shaftesbury]].<ref name="Garfinkle">Garfinkle, Adam M., "On the Origin, Meaning, Use and Abuse of a Phrase." ''Middle Eastern Studies'', London, October 1991, vol. 27</ref> In 1853, during the preparation for the [[Crimean War]], Shaftesbury wrote to Foreign Secretary Aberdeen that Greater Syria was "a country without a nation" in need of "a nation without a country.... Is there such a thing? To be sure there is, the ancient and rightful lords of the soil, the Jews!" In his diary that year he wrote "these vast and fertile regions will soon be without a ruler, without a known and acknowledged power to claim dominion. The territory must be assigned to some one or other.... There is a country without a nation; and God now in his wisdom and mercy, directs us to a nation without a country."<ref>Shaftsbury as cited in [[Albert Montefiore Hyamson|Hyamson, Albert]], "British Projects for the Restoration of Jews to Palestine," American Jewish Historical Society, Publications 26, 1918 p. 140; and in Garfinkle, Adam M., "On the Origin, Meaning, Use and Abuse of a Phrase." ''Middle Eastern Studies'', London, October 1991, vol. 27. See also [http://www.mideastweb.org/britzion.htm Mideast Web: British Support for Jewish Restoration]</ref> Shaftesbury himself was echoing the sentiments of [[Alexander Keith, D.D.]]<ref name="Muir">[http://www.meforum.org/1877/a-land-without-a-people-for-a-people-without A Land without a People for a People without a Land];" An oft-cited Zionist slogan was neither Zionist nor popular,"[[Diana Muir]], Middle Eastern Quarterly, Spring 2008, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 55–62.</ref>

In 1901, in the ''[[New Liberal Review]]'', Zangwill wrote that "Palestine is a country without a people; the Jews are a people without a country".<ref name=Garfinkle /><ref>Israel Zangwill, "The Return to Palestine", ''New Liberal Review'', Dec. 1901, p. 615</ref>

Theodor Herzl got along well with Israel Zangwill and Max Nordau. They were both writers or 'men of letters'. In November 1901 Zangwill was still misreading the situation: "Palestine has but a small population of Arabs and [[fellahin]] and wandering, lawless, blackmailing [[Bedouin]] tribes."<ref name="Article">Israel Zangwill, The Commercial Future of Palestine, Debate at the Article Club, 20 November 1901. Published by Greenberg &amp; Co. Also published in ''English Illustrated Magazine'', Vol. 221 (Feb 1902) pp. 421–430.</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=The commercial future of Palestine : debate at the Article Club opened by Israel Zangwill, November 20, 1901 |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t11n8bv28?urlappend=%3Bseq=5 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=HathiTrust | hdl=2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t11n8bv28?urlappend=%3Bseq=5 |language=en}}</ref> To conclude his opening address to the Article Club, Zangwill pretended to speak as the weary, Ashkenazic folktale character, the [[Wandering Jew]], saying, "restore the country without a people to the people without a country... For we have something to give as well as to get. We can sweep away the blackmailer{{snd}}be he Pasha or Bedouin{{snd}}we can make the wilderness blossom as the rose, and build up in the heart of the world a civilization that may be a mediator and interpreter between the East and the West."<ref name="Article" /><ref name=":3" />

In 1902, Zangwill wrote that Palestine "remains at this moment an almost uninhabited, forsaken and ruined Turkish territory".<ref>{{cite journal| author = Israel Zangwill | title = Providence, Palestine and the Rothschilds | journal = The Speaker | date = 22 February 1902 | volume =  4 | issue = 125 | pages = 582–583}}</ref> However, within a few years, Zangwill had "become fully aware of the Arab peril", telling an audience in New York, "Palestine proper has already its inhabitants. The [[Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem|pashalik of Jerusalem]] is already twice as thickly populated as the United States" leaving Zionists the choice of driving the Arabs out or dealing with a "large alien population".<ref>I. Zangwill, ''The Voice of Jerusalem'', MacMillan, 1921, p. 92, reporting 1904 speech.</ref> He moved his support to the [[British Uganda Programme|Uganda scheme]], leading to a break with the mainstream Zionist movement by 1905.<ref>H. Faris, "Israel Zangwill's challenge to Zionism", ''Journal of Palestine Studies'', Vol. 4, No. 3 (Spring, 1975), pp. 74–90</ref> In 1908, Zangwill told a London court that he had been naive when he made his 1901 speech and had since "realized what is the density of the Arab population", namely twice that of the United States.<ref>{{cite book | author = Maurice Simon | title = Speeches Articles and Letters of Israel Zangwill | place = London | publisher = The Soncino Press | year = 1937 | page = 268}}</ref> In 1913 he criticized those who insisted on repeating that Palestine was "empty and derelict" and who called him a traitor for reporting otherwise.<ref>Simon (1937), pp. 313–314. He continued, "Well, consistency may be a political virtue, but I see no virtue in consistent lying."</ref>

According to [[Ze'ev Jabotinsky]], Zangwill told him in 1916 that, "If you wish to give a country to a people without a country, it is utter foolishness to allow it to be the country of two peoples. This can only cause trouble. The Jews will suffer and so will their neighbours. One of the two: a different place must be found either for the Jews or for their neighbours".<ref>Cited in Yosef Gorny, ''Zionism and the Arabs, 1882–1948'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987), p. 271</ref>

In 1917, he wrote "'Give the country without a people,' magnanimously pleaded Lord Shaftesbury, 'to the people without a country.' Alas, it was a misleading mistake. The country holds 600,000 Arabs."<ref>Zangwill, Israel, ''The Voice of Jerusalem'', New York: Macmillan, 1921, p. 96</ref>[[File:Blue Plaque Ayrton & Zangwill.jpg|thumb|''Far End'', East Preston, West Sussex]]In 1921, Zangwill suggested Lord Shaftesbury "was literally inexact in describing Palestine as a country without a people, he was essentially correct, for there is no Arab people living in intimate fusion with the country, utilizing its resources and stamping it with a characteristic impress: there is at best an Arab encampment, the break-up of which would throw upon the Jews the actual manual labor of regeneration and prevent them from exploiting the ''[[fellah]]in'', whose numbers and lower wages are moreover a considerable obstacle to the proposed immigration from Poland and other suffering centers".<ref>Zangwill, Israel, ''The Voice of Jerusalem'', New York: Macmillan, 1921, p. 109</ref>