Editing J-pop (section)

==History==
===1920s–1960s: Ryūkōka===
{{See also|Ryūkōka|Kayōkyoku|Japanese jazz}}
[[Image:藤山一郎.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Ichiro Fujiyama]], influential ''ryūkōka'' singer]]
Japanese popular music, called ''[[ryūkōka]]'' before being split into ''[[enka]]'' and ''poppusu'',<ref>{{Cite book
  | title = Men and Masculinities in Contemporary Japan: dislocating the salaryman doxa
  | url = https://archive.org/details/menmasculinities00robe
  | url-access = limited
  | last1 = Roberson
  | first1 = James E.
  | last2 = Suzuki
  | first2 = Nobue
  | publisher = RoutledgeCurzon
  | location = London
  | series = Nissan Institute/Routledge Japanese studies
  | year = 2003
  | page = [https://archive.org/details/menmasculinities00robe/page/n96 78]
  | isbn =  978-0-415-24446-6 }}</ref>
has origins in the [[Meiji period]], but most Japanese scholars consider the [[Taishō period]] to be the actual starting point of ''ryūkōka'', as it is the era in which the genre first gained nationwide popularity.<ref name="Yano33">{{Cite book|title=Tears of Longing: Nostalgia and the Nation in Japanese Popular Song|first=Christine Reiko|last=Yano|publisher=[[Harvard University|Harvard University Asia Center]]|year=2003|isbn=978-0-674-01276-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/tearsoflonging00chri/page/33 33]|url=https://archive.org/details/tearsoflonging00chri/page/33}}</ref><ref name="Mini248">{{Cite book|title=Japan's Competing Modernities: Issues in Culture and Democracy, 1900-1930|first=Sharon|last=Minichiello|publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]|year=1998|isbn=978-0-8248-2080-0|page=248}}</ref> By the Taishō period, Western musical techniques and instruments, which had been [[Foreign relations of Meiji Japan|introduced to Japan in the Meiji period]], were widely used.<ref name="Mini248" /> Influenced by Western genres such as [[Jazz music|jazz]] and [[blues]], ''ryūkōka'' incorporated Western instruments such as the [[violin]], [[harmonica]], and [[guitar]]. However, the melodies were often written according to the traditional Japanese [[pentatonic scale]].<ref name="Yano33" /> In the 1930s, [[Ichiro Fujiyama]] released popular songs with his [[tenor]] voice.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news.janjan.jp/column/0609/0609131112/1.php|script-title=ja:藤山一郎（ポピュラー）・増永丈夫（クラク）二刀流の復活|author=Kiyomaro Kikuchi|newspaper=[[JANJAN]]|date=2006-09-14|language=ja|access-date=2009-02-01|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615211214/http://www.news.janjan.jp/column/0609/0609131112/1.php|archive-date=2009-06-15}}</ref> Fujiyama sang songs with a lower volume than [[opera]] through the [[microphone]] (the technique is sometimes called ''[[Crooner|crooning]]'').<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news.janjan.jp/column/0604/0604182584/1.php |script-title=ja:酒は涙か溜息か—藤山一郎音楽学校停学事件 |author=Kiyomaro Kikuchi |newspaper=[[JANJAN]] |date=2006-04-20 |language=ja |access-date=2009-02-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206173933/http://www.news.janjan.jp/column/0604/0604182584/1.php |archive-date=2009-02-06 }}</ref>{{Dubious|date=September 2010}}

Jazz musician [[Ryoichi Hattori]] attempted to produce Japanese native music which had a "flavor" of [[blues]].<ref>{{Cite book
  | title = Blue Nippon: Authenticating Jazz in Japan
  | last = Atkins
  | first = E. Taylor
  | year = 2001
  | publisher = Duke University Press
  | location = Durham, North Carolina
  | isbn = 0-8223-2721-X
  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xCFPL5svwhQC&pg=PA132 }}</ref>
He composed [[Noriko Awaya]]'s hit song "Wakare no Blues" (lit. "Farewell Blues").<ref name="ryoichihattori">{{Cite web|url=http://wwwz.fujitv.co.jp/events/art-net/clsc_01concert/330.html|script-title=ja:服部良一生誕100周年ンサート|publisher=Fuji Television|year=2006|access-date=2009-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071103215238/http://wwwz.fujitv.co.jp/events/art-net/clsc_01concert/330.html|archive-date=2007-11-03|language=ja}}</ref> Awaya became a famous popular singer and was called "Queen of Blues" in Japan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.city.aomori.aomori.jp/koho/shisei/shisei2005/english/04meiyo/meiyo01.html |title=Honorary Citizens |publisher=[[Aomori, Aomori|Aomori City]] |year=2005 |access-date=2009-01-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207182958/http://www.city.aomori.aomori.jp/koho/shisei/shisei2005/english/04meiyo/meiyo01.html |archive-date=February 7, 2009 }}</ref> Due to pressure from the [[Imperial Japanese Army|Imperial Army]] during the war, the performance of jazz music was temporarily halted in Japan. Hattori, who stayed in [[Shanghai]] at the end of the war, produced hit songs such as [[Shizuko Kasagi]]'s "Tokyo Boogie-Woogie" and [[Ichiro Fujiyama]]'s "Aoi Sanmyaku" (lit. "Blue Mountain Range").<ref name="ryoichihattori" /> Hattori later became known as the "Father of Japanese ''poppusu''".<ref name="ryoichihattori" /><ref name=jazzkissa>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chikumashobo.co.jp/new_chikuma/molasky/04_3.html |title=ジャズ喫茶という異空間——'60-'70年代の若者文化を歩く 第四回 page.3 |author=Molasky, Michael S. |publisher=Web Chikuma |year=2008 |language=ja |access-date=2008-11-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207203939/http://www.chikumashobo.co.jp/new_chikuma/molasky/04_3.html |archive-date=December 7, 2008 }}</ref> [[Boogie-woogie]], [[Mambo (music)|Mambo]], [[Blues]], and [[Country music]] were performed by Japanese musicians for the American troops. [[Chiemi Eri]]'s cover song "[[Tennessee Waltz]]" (1952), [[Hibari Misora]]'s "Omatsuri Mambo" (1952), and [[Izumi Yukimura]]'s cover song "[[Till I Waltz Again with You]]" (1953) also became popular. Foreign musicians and groups, including [[JATP]] and [[Louis Armstrong]], visited Japan to perform. In the mid-1950s, {{Nihongo|[[Jazz kissa]]|ジャズ喫茶|Jazu Kissa, literally "Jazz cafe"}} became a popular venue for live jazz music.<ref name=jazzkissa /> Jazz had a large impact on Japanese ''poppusu'', though "authentic" jazz did not become the mainstream genre of music in Japan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nikkei.co.jp/weekend/news/sp20030308.html|script-title=ja:日本のジャズ、高鳴る響き—ップス界にも新風|newspaper=[[Nihon Keizai Shimbun]]|year=2003|language=ja|access-date=2008-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207104003/http://www.nikkei.co.jp/weekend/news/sp20030308.html|archive-date=2008-12-07|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Japanese pop was polarized between urban ''[[kayōkyoku|kayō]]'' and modern ''enka''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://elekitel.jp/elekitel/special/2006/13/sp_02_d.htm |script-title=ja:演歌、歌西洋音楽 |trans-title=Enka, kayōkyoku and Western music |author=Kikuchi, Kiyomaro |publisher=[[Toshiba]] |date=November 2006 |language=ja |access-date=2009-08-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080619165647/http://elekitel.jp/elekitel/special/2006/13/sp_02_d.htm |archive-date=2008-06-19}}</ref>

Modern J-pop is also sometimes believed to have had its roots with [[Shidaiqu|Chinese immigrant jazz musicians]] who had fled [[Shanghai]] during the [[Chinese Civil War|communist takeover]], and were collaborating with American soldiers to help introduce a variety of new genres to the Japanese public. In 1949, when the [[Communist Party of China|communists]] took over and established the [[China|People's Republic of China]] on the [[Mainland China|mainland]], one of the first actions taken by the [[Politics of China|government]] was to denounce popular music (specifically both Chinese pop music, known as [[Mandopop]], and Western pop music) as [[Yellow Music|decadent music]], and for decades afterwards the Communist Party would promote [[Political music in China#Birth of Revolutionary songs (1949-1970s)|Chinese revolutionary songs]] while suppressing Chinese folk songs, Chinese pop songs and Western pop songs.<ref>{{cite book |author=Broughton, Simon. Ellingham, Mark. Trillo, Richard |year=2000 |title=World Music: The Rough Guide |publisher=Rough Guides Publishing Company |isbn=1-85828-636-0 |page=49 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzX8THIgRjUC&pg=PA49 }}</ref> Dissatisfied with [[Chairman of the Communist Party of China|Chairman]] [[Mao Zedong]]'s new music policies, a number of Shanghainese jazz musicians fled to the [[United Kingdom|British]] colony of [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] and established [[Cantopop]], which is pop music sung in [[Cantonese]].<ref name="Wordie">{{cite book |title= Streets: Exploring Hong Kong Island|last= Wordie|first= Jason|year= 2002|publisher= [[Hong Kong University Press]]|location= Hong Kong|isbn= 962-209-563-1}}</ref> However, a few musicians instead settled in Japan, where they became members of the [[Far East Network]] and collaborated with the [[United States Army|American soldiers]] to help expose the Japanese public to a wide variety of western genres. This eventually lead to the establishment of modern Japanese pop music, known as ''[[kayōkyoku]]''.

===1960s: Origin of modern style===

====Rokabirī Boom and Wasei pops====
During the 1950s and 60s, [[yakuza]] manager [[Kazuo Taoka]] reorganized the concert touring industry by treating the performers as professionals. Many of these performers later became key participants in the J-pop genre.<ref>Martin, Ian, "[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fm20110526im.html 'Golden age' of kayoukyoku holds lessons for modern J-pop]", ''[[Japan Times]]'', 26 May 2011, p. 13.</ref>

In 1956, Japan's [[rock and roll]] craze began, due to the country music group known as [[Kazuya Kosaka|Kosaka Kazuya]] and the Wagon Masters; their rendition of [[Elvis Presley]]'s song "[[Heartbreak Hotel]]" helped to fuel the trend. The music was called "[[rockabilly]]" (or ''rokabirī'') by the Japanese media.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fm20080221r1.html|title=Showa 33: the year Japan got all shook up|newspaper=The Japan Times|date=2008-02-21|access-date=2009-03-03}}</ref> Performers learned to play the music and translate the lyrics of popular American songs, resulting in the birth of {{Nihongo|''Cover Pops''|カヴァーポップス|Kavā poppusu}}.<ref name="showahibari">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rakuten.ne.jp/gold/cfc-co/showahibari/bk/bk_spe050428b.html|script-title=ja:ジャパンポップスの黄金時代|trans-title=Japan pops' golden age|publisher=Columbia Music Entertainment|date=2005-04-28|language=ja|access-date=2008-11-20}}</ref> The rockabilly movement would reach its peak when 45,000 people saw the performances by Japanese singers at the first Nichigeki Western Carnival in one week of February 1958.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://showa.mainichi.jp/news/1958/02/post-e41c.html|script-title=ja:第1回日劇ウエスタンカーニバル|trans-title=First Nichigeki Western Carnival|newspaper=[[Mainichi Shimbun]]|language=ja|access-date=2008-11-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100904063756/http://showa.mainichi.jp/news/1958/02/post-e41c.html|archive-date=2010-09-04|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Kyu Sakamoto]], a fan of Elvis, made his stage début as a member of the band [[The Drifters (Japanese band)|The Drifters]] at the Nichigeki Western Carnival in 1958.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emimusic.jp/st/hiccho/series2/toct25161.htm|script-title=ja:九ちゃんの歌|trans-title=Kyu-chan's songs|publisher=EMI Music Japan|access-date=2009-01-05|language=ja|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207181018/http://www.emimusic.jp/st/hiccho/series2/toct25161.htm|archive-date=2009-02-07|url-status=dead}}</ref> His 1961 song "Ue wo Muite Arukō" ("Let's Look Up and Walk"), known in other parts of the world as "[[Sukiyaki (song)|Sukiyaki]]", was released to the United States in 1963. It was the first Japanese song to reach the Number One position in the United States, spending four weeks in ''[[Cash Box]]'' and three weeks in ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''. It also received a [[Music recording sales certification|gold record]] for selling one million copies.<ref name="NippopSAKAMOTO">{{Cite web |url=http://nippop.com/artist/artist_id-117/artist_name-kyu_sakamoto/ |title=Kyu Sakamoto |access-date=2008-06-29 |publisher=nippop.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529171140/http://nippop.com/artist/artist_id-117/artist_name-kyu_sakamoto/ |archive-date=2008-05-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref> During this period, female duo [[The Peanuts]] also became popular, singing a song in the movie ''[[Mothra (film)|Mothra]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.stylusmagazine.com/articles/j-pop_will_eat_itself/j-pop-before-j-pop.htm|title=J-Pop Before J-Pop|magazine=[[Stylus Magazine]]|date=2006-06-08|access-date=2009-01-04|archive-date=2009-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106141054/http://www.stylusmagazine.com/articles/j-pop_will_eat_itself/j-pop-before-j-pop.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Their songs, such as "Furimukanaide" ("Don't Turn Around") were later covered by [[Candies (group)|Candies]] on their album ''Candy Label''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://trendy.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/col/20060522/116774/|script-title=ja:懐かしの名曲を探せ！（第31回）～ザ・ピーナ恋のバカンス」の巻|publisher=[[Nikkei Business Publications]]|date=2006-05-26|language=ja|access-date=2009-02-05}}</ref> Artists like Kyu Sakamoto and The Peanuts were called {{Nihongo|''Wasei Pops''|和製ポップス|Wasei poppusu|"Japan-made pop"}}.<ref name="showahibari" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.victor-f-c.com/product/detail.php?sgno=0&mgno=1&ino=1955|title=ザ'60s ポップス・ヒッレード|trans-title=The 60s' pops hit parade|publisher=Victor family club|language=ja|access-date=2008-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207044445/http://www.victor-f-c.com/product/detail.php?sgno=0&mgno=1&ino=1955|archive-date=2008-12-07|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

After frequently changing members, [[Chosuke Ikariya]] re-formed The Drifters in 1964 under the same name. At a Beatles concert in 1966, they acted as curtain raisers, but the audience generally objected.<ref name="arai">{{cite news|url=http://www.nikkansports.com/jinji/2000/seikyo000210.html|script-title=ja:荒井注さん全のため死去|trans-title=Mr. Chu Arai has died from hepatic failure|newspaper=Nikkan Sports|year=2000|language=ja|access-date=2009-01-04|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206172939/http://www.nikkansports.com/jinji/2000/seikyo000210.html|archive-date=2009-02-06}}</ref> Eventually, The Drifters became popular in Japan, releasing "Zundoko-Bushi" ("Echoic word tune") in 1969.<ref name="arai" /> Along with ''enka'' singer [[Keiko Fuji]], they won "the award for mass popularity" at the [[12th Japan Record Awards]] in 1970.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jacompa.or.jp/rekishi/d1970.htm|title=12th Japan Record Award|publisher=[[Japan Composer's Association]]|language=ja|access-date=2009-01-07|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207042602/http://www.jacompa.or.jp/rekishi/d1970.htm|archive-date=2009-02-07}}</ref> Keiko Fuji's 1970 album ''Shinjuku no Onna/'Enka no Hoshi' Fuji Keiko no Subete'' ("Woman in Shinjuku/'Star of ''Enka''{{'}} All of Keiko Fuji") established an all-time record in the history of the Japanese [[Oricon]] chart by staying in the Number One spot for 20 consecutive weeks.<ref name="1000numberone">{{cite news|url=http://www.asahi.com/komimi/TKY200709190117.html|script-title=ja:オリコンルバム1位が千作品に 最多はユーミン|newspaper=Asahi Shimbun|date=2007-09-19|language=ja|access-date=2008-12-27}}</ref> The Drifters later came to be known as television personalities and invited [[Japanese idol|idols]] such as [[Momoe Yamaguchi]] and Candies to their television program.<ref name="arai" />

====Ereki boom and group sounds====
{{See also|Group sounds}}
[[Image:Nippon Budokan 2010.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Nippon Budokan, legendary place for Japanese musicians]]
[[The Ventures]] visited Japan in 1962, causing the widespread embrace of the [[electric guitar]] called  the "''Ereki'' boom".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fm20080807r2.html|title=Mad about deke-deke-deke|newspaper=The Japan Times|date=2008-08-07|access-date=2009-01-12}}</ref> [[Yūzō Kayama]] and [[Takeshi Terauchi]] became famous players of electric guitar.<ref name="ventures">{{cite news|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fm20080807r1.html|title=The Ventures: still rocking after 50 years|newspaper=The Japan Times|date=2008-08-07|access-date=2009-01-12}}</ref> In 1966, [[the Beatles]] came to Japan and sang their songs at the [[Nippon Budokan]], becoming the first [[rock music]] band to perform a concert there.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://trendy.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/special/20080319/1008279/|script-title=ja:それはビートルズから始まった・・・ 武道館が"伝説"になった日|trans-title=It started from The Beatles ... the day when the Budokan became a legend|publisher=Nikkei Business Publications|date=2008-03-20|language=ja|access-date=2009-01-06}}</ref> The public believed that the Beatles would cause [[juvenile delinquency]].<ref name="beatles" /> The Japanese government deployed [[riot police]] against young rock fans at the Nippon Budokan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tv-asahi.co.jp/ss/194/special/top.html|title=SmaStation Special Back Number #194|publisher=TV Asahi|year=2006|language=ja|access-date=2009-01-06}}</ref> [[John Lennon]] felt that they were not well regarded in Japan, but [[Beatlemania]] has never really died there.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7770865.stm|title=Japan keeps Lennon's memory alive|publisher=BBC|date=2008-12-08|access-date=2009-01-12|first=Duncan|last=Bartlett}}</ref> The Beatles inspired Japanese bands, creating the [[group sounds]] genre in Japan.<ref name="beatles" />

Most Japanese musicians felt that they could not sing rock in [[Japanese language|Japanese]], so the popularity of Japanese rock gradually declined.<ref name="beatles" /> As a result, there were debates such as "Should we sing rock music in Japanese?" and "Should we sing in English?" between [[Happy End (band)|Happy End]] and [[Yūya Uchida (singer/actor)|Yuya Uchida]] about Japanese rock music.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ocn.ne.jp/game/og/go_yoshida/200709/|title=第4回：内田裕也&裕也ファミリーTOP3「コンプリート書評」|language=ja|publisher=[[Open Computer Network]]|date=2007-09-27|access-date=2009-01-14}}</ref> This confrontation was called {{Nihongo|"Japanese-language rock controversy"|日本語ロック論争|Nihongo Rokku Ronsō}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cdjournal.com/main/news/news.php?nno=20817|title=日本のロックを徹底紹介！CDジャーナル新刊ムック「日本のロック名曲徹底ガイド 1967-1985」本日発売|publisher=CD Journal|date=2008-10-02|language=ja|access-date=2009-01-14}}</ref> Happy End proved that rock music could be sung in Japanese, and one theory holds that their music became one of the origins of modern J-pop.<ref name="beatles" /> The Beatles also inspired [[Eikichi Yazawa]], who grew up in an underprivileged family, his father dying when he was a child.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.asakyu.com/column/?id=487|script-title=ja:「信じろよ、自分を」矢沢永吉が語る仕事-1|newspaper=[[Asahi Shimbun]]|date=2008-06-08|access-date=2008-11-18|language=ja|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225154914/http://www.asakyu.com/column/?id=487|archive-date=2008-12-25|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Keisuke Kuwata]], who grew up in a dual-income family, was influenced by the Beatles through his older sister, then an avid fan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.daily.co.jp/gossip/2008/10/23/0001534804.shtml |script-title=ja:桑田佳祐、沈痛...臓がんで死去 |publisher=Daily Sports |date=2008-10-23 |access-date=2009-01-08 |language=ja |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081026034906/http://www.daily.co.jp/gossip/2008/10/23/0001534804.shtml |archive-date=October 26, 2008 }}</ref> [[Yōsui Inoue]] was also a fan of The Beatles, but he said that his music style was not particularly related to them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nishinippon.co.jp/nnp/culture/kayou/20061129/20061129_001.shtml|script-title=ja:第5部ル ビートルズとディラン|publisher=[[Nishinippon Shimbun]]|date=2006-11-29|access-date=2009-01-07|language=ja|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206205321/http://www.nishinippon.co.jp/nnp/culture/kayou/20061129/20061129_001.shtml|archive-date=2009-02-06}}</ref> After Happy End disbanded in 1973, [[Haruomi Hosono]], a former member, began a solo career and later formed [[Yellow Magic Orchestra]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://natalie.mu/artist/show/id/907|title=Haruomi Hosono|publisher=natalie|access-date=2009-01-09|language=ja}}</ref>

===1970s: Development of "new music"===

====''Fōku'' and new music====
In the early 1960s, some Japanese music became influenced by the [[American folk music revival]]; this was called {{Nihongo|''fōku''|フォーク|| "folk"}}, although the genre of music was mostly covers of original songs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://music.jp.msn.com/special/folk/default.htm |title=Folk |publisher=MSN Japan Music |language=ja |access-date=2009-01-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122134930/http://music.jp.msn.com/special/folk/default.htm |archive-date=January 22, 2009 }}</ref> In the late 1960s, [[the Folk Crusaders]] became famous and the underground music around that time became called ''fōku''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://music.jp.msn.com/special/folk/fc.htm |title=The Folk Crusaders |publisher=MSN Japan Music |language=ja |access-date=2009-01-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209064927/http://music.jp.msn.com/special/folk/fc.htm |archive-date=February 9, 2009 }}</ref> As with ''enka'', Japanese ''fōku'' singers Wataru Takada performed social satires.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://music.jp.msn.com/special/folk/takada.htm |title=Wataru Takada |publisher=MSN Japan Music |language=ja |access-date=2009-01-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207233349/http://music.jp.msn.com/special/folk/takada.htm |archive-date=February 7, 2009 }}</ref>

In the early 1970s, the emphasis shifted from ''fōku''{{'}}s simple songs with a single guitar accompaniment to more complex musical arrangements known as {{Nihongo|'''new music'''|ニューミュージック|nyū myūjikku}}.<ref name="newmusic">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bounce.com/article/article.php/3278/ALL/|script-title=ja:第11回 ─ ニューミュージック|trans-title=No. 11 ─ New Music|publisher=bounce.com|date=2007-03-22|language=ja|access-date=2008-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411042531/http://www.bounce.com/article/article.php/3278/ALL/|archive-date=2008-04-11|title=Bounce logo }}</ref> Instead of social messages, the songs focused on more personal messages, such as love. In 1972, singer-songwriter [[Takuro Yoshida]] produced a hit song "Kekkon Shiyouyo" ("Let's marry") without decent television promotion, though fans of ''fōku'' music became very angry because his music seemed to be a low effort or low quality form of music.<ref name="asahi">{{Cite web|url=http://www.asahi.co.jp/call3/diary/yamaken/essay_29.html|script-title=ja:雑感・戦後日本の世相と流行歌（29）|publisher=[[Asahi Broadcasting Corporation]]|language=ja|access-date=2009-01-24|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206210117/http://www.asahi.co.jp/call3/diary/yamaken/essay_29.html|archive-date=2009-02-06}}</ref> The highest-selling single of the year was the ''enka'' song by [[Shiro Miya]] and the Pinkara Trio, "[[Onna no Michi]]".<ref name="asahi" /> The song eventually sold over 3.25&nbsp;million copies.<ref name="smap">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/ranking/5139/|title=SMAP「世界に一つ」、 シングル売上歴代9位に！！|trans-title=SMAP's "The Only Flower In The World" becomes the ninth best-selling single in the history!!| language = ja |publisher=Oricon|date=2004-08-03|access-date=2008-11-21}}</ref> On December 1, 1973, [[Yōsui Inoue]] released the album ''[[Kōri no Sekai]]'', which topped the Oricon charts and remained in Top 10 for 113 weeks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.universalmusicworld.jp/yousui/upch1126/index.html|title=Korino Sekai|publisher=Universal Music|language=ja|access-date=2009-01-12|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206203127/http://www.universalmusicworld.jp/yousui/upch1126/index.html|archive-date=2009-02-06}}</ref> It spent 13 consecutive weeks in the number-one spot, and eventually established a still-standing record of a total 35 weeks at the number-one position on the Oricon charts.<ref name="1000numberone" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nishinippon.co.jp/nnp/culture/kayou/20061128/20061128_001.shtml|script-title=ja:第5部・井上陽水の世界＜10＞ミラー 大ヒットに戸惑い始めて|publisher=Nishinippon Shimbun|date=2006-11-28|language=ja|access-date=2008-12-27|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206205227/http://www.nishinippon.co.jp/nnp/culture/kayou/20061128/20061128_001.shtml|archive-date=2009-02-06}}</ref> [[Yumi Matsutoya]], formerly known by her maiden name Yumi Arai, also became a notable singer-songwriter during this period In October 1975, she released a single "Ano Hi ni Kaeritai" ("I want to return to that day"), making it her first number-one single on the Oricon charts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uta-net.com/user/jake_uta/yuming_sazan/yuming_sazan.html|title=Yuming and Southern|publisher=uta-net|language=ja| access-date=2009-01-14}}</ref> [[Miyuki Nakajima]], [[Amii Ozaki]], and [[Junko Yagami]] were also popular singer-songwriters during this period. At first, only Yumi Matsutoya was commonly called a new music artist, but the concept of Japanese ''fōku'' music changed around that time.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.ne.jp/modules/page05/content/index.php?id=10|title=New Music |publisher=Who.ne.jp |language=ja |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603164729/http://idol.who.ne.jp/modules/page05/content/index.php?id=10|archive-date=2009-06-03|access-date=2011-06-13}}</ref> In 1979, [[Chage and Aska]] made their debut, and folk band [[Off Course]] (with singer [[Kazumasa Oda]]) released a hit song "Sayonara" ("Good-bye").

[[Saki Kubota]] was described as the standard bearer of new music.<ref>Teppei Akagi.
[https://books.google.com/books?id=P-OZAAAAIAAJ ソニーの 21世紀戦略: 進展するソフト革命の全貌]. Japan Management Association. 1990. p 156.</ref>

====Emergence of Japanese rock and electronic music====
{{see also|Japanese rock|Synth-pop}}

[[Rock music]] remained a relatively [[underground music]] genre in the early 1970s in Japan,<ref name="newmusic" /> though [[Happy End (band)|Happy End]] managed to gain mainstream success fusing rock with traditional [[Music of Japan|Japanese music]].<ref name="beatles"/> Several Japanese musicians began experimenting with [[electronic music]], including [[electronic rock]]. The most notable was the internationally renowned [[Isao Tomita]], whose 1972 album ''Electric Samurai: Switched on Rock'' featured electronic [[synthesizer]] renditions of contemporary rock and [[Pop music|pop songs]].<ref name="jenkins_2007">{{citation|title=Analog synthesizers: from the legacy of Moog to software synthesis|author=Mark Jenkins|publisher=[[Elsevier]]|year=2007|isbn=978-0-240-52072-8|pages=133–4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c3EHIpo0DKwC&pg=PA133|access-date=2011-05-27|author-link=Mark Jenkins (musician)}}</ref> Other early examples of electronic rock records include [[Inoue Yousui]]'s [[folk rock]] and [[pop rock]] album ''Ice World'' (1973) and [[Osamu Kitajima]]'s [[Progressive rock|progressive]] [[psychedelic rock]] album ''[[Benzaiten]]'' (1974), both of which involved contributions from Haruomi Hosono,<ref>{{Discogs release|2509617|井上陽水 – 氷の世界}} ([https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ja&tl=en&u=http://www.discogs.com/%E4%BA%95%E4%B8%8A%E9%99%BD%E6%B0%B4-%E6%B0%B7%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C/release/2509617 Translation])</ref><ref>{{Discogs release|1303605|Osamu Kitajima – Benzaiten}}</ref> who later started the electronic music group "Yellow Magic Band" (later known as Yellow Magic Orchestra) in 1977.<ref name="discogs_paraiso">{{Discogs release|1188801|Harry Hosono And The Yellow Magic Band – Paraiso}}</ref>

In 1978, [[Eikichi Yazawa]]'s rock single "Jikan yo Tomare" ("Time, Stop") became a smash hit that sold over 639,000 copies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/ranking/30481/|title=アーティストのブレイクにひと役買う、資生堂CM30年のパワー|publisher=Oricon|date=2006-08-08|language=ja|access-date=2009-01-14}}</ref> He is regarded as one of the pioneers of Japanese rock.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hmv.co.jp/news/newsDetail.asp?newsnum=311010020|title=Top 100 Japanese pops Artists - No. 14|publisher=HMV Japan|date=2003-11-17|language=ja|access-date=2008-11-19}}</ref> He sought worldwide success, and in 1980 he signed a contract with the Warner Pioneer record company and moved to the West Coast of the United States. He recorded the albums ''Yazawa'', ''It's Just Rock n' Roll'', and ''Flash in Japan'', all of which were released worldwide, but were not very commercially successful. [[Keisuke Kuwata]] formed the rock band [[Southern All Stars]] (SAS), which made their debut in 1978. Southern All Stars remains very popular in Japan today.

In the same year, [[Yellow Magic Orchestra]] (YMO) also made their official debut with their [[Yellow Magic Orchestra (album)|self-titled album]]. The band, whose members were [[Haruomi Hosono]], [[Yukihiro Takahashi]] and [[Ryuichi Sakamoto]], developed [[electropop]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/jun/20/culture.electronicmusic|title=Yellow Magic Orchestra|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=2008-06-20|access-date=2009-01-08 | location=London | first=Paul | last=Lester}}</ref> or [[techno]]pop as it is known in Japan,<ref name="sarasota">{{cite journal|title=Computer rock music gaining fans|journal=[[Sarasota Journal]]|date=August 18, 1980|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7s4mAAAAIBAJ&pg=4481,2128223|access-date=2011-05-25|page=8}}</ref> in addition to pioneering [[synthpop]] and [[electro music]].<ref name="wire_1996">{{citation|title=A-Z Of Electro|work=[[The Wire (magazine)|The Wire]]|issue=145|date=March 1996|author=David Toop|url=http://www.thewire.co.uk/articles/210/|access-date=2011-05-29}}</ref><ref name="broughton_2007">{{cite book|last=Broughton|first=Frank|title=La historia del DJ / The DJ's Story, Volume 2|year=2007|publisher=Ediciones Robinbook|isbn=978-84-96222-79-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1GMxP6mpRdgC&pg=PA121|access-date=25 May 2011|page=121}}</ref> Their 1979 album ''[[Solid State Survivor]]'' reached number one on the [[Oricon]] charts in July 1980,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eonet.jp/music/sp_live/index_070412.html|title=Look back on YMO|publisher=eo Music Tribe|language=ja|access-date=2009-01-12|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207032249/http://eonet.jp/music/sp_live/index_070412.html|archive-date=2009-02-07}}</ref> and went on to sell two million records worldwide.<ref name="Hardy_1987">{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Rock|author1=Phil Hardy |author2=Dave Laing |author3=Stephen Barnard |year=1987|edition=2nd|publisher=Macdonald Orbis|isbn=0-356-14274-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tgcKAQAAMAAJ|access-date=25 May 2011|page=476}}</ref> At around the same time, the YMO albums ''Solid State Survivor'' and ''[[X∞Multiplies]]'' held both the top two spots on the [[Oricon]] charts for seven consecutive weeks, making YMO the only band in Japanese chart history to achieve this feat.<ref>{{cite web|title=ポルノが24年ぶりの快挙達成！|publisher=[[Oricon]]|date=August 17, 2004|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/ranking/5122/|access-date=2011-06-09}} ([https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ja&u=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/ranking/5122/ Translation])</ref> Young fans of their music during this period became known as the {{Nihongo|"YMO Generation"|YMO世代|YMO sedai}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://trendy.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/pickup/20080430/1010090/?P=2|title=オリコン週間ランキング1位！今、Perfumeがウケている理由は？|publisher=[[Nikkei Business Publications]]|date=2008-04-30|language=ja|access-date=2009-01-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.apple.com/jp/articles/interviews/sakamotoryuichi/ |title=Ryuichi Sakamoto Special Interview|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]|date=2007-03-19|language=ja|access-date=2009-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224053240/http://www.apple.com/jp/articles/interviews/sakamotoryuichi/ <!--Added by H3llBot-->|archive-date=2008-12-24}}</ref> YMO had a significant impact on Japanese pop music, which started becoming increasingly dominated by [[electronic music]] due to their influence,<ref name="loubet_couroux">{{cite journal|title=Laptop Performers, Compact Disc Designers, and No-Beat Techno Artists in Japan: Music from Nowhere|journal=[[Computer Music Journal]]|date=Winter 2000|volume=24|issue=4|pages=19–32|jstor=3681552|author1=Emmanuelle Loubet |author2=Marc Couroux |publisher=[[MIT Press]]|doi=10.1162/014892600559498|s2cid=32835136}}</ref> and they had an equally large impact on electronic music across the world.<ref name="fidelity_1993">{{citation|title=Yellow Magic Orchestra: Hi Tech/No Crime|journal=High Fidelity News and Record Review|volume= 38|issue=1–6|publisher=Link House Publications|year=1993|page=93|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-zg9AQAAIAAJ|access-date=2011-05-29}}</ref><ref name="allmusic_ymo">{{cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p5886|pure_url=yes}}|title=Yellow Magic Orchestra profile|website=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=2009-06-03}}</ref> Southern All Stars and Yellow Magic Orchestra symbolized the end of New Music and paved the way for the emergence of the J-pop genre in the 1980s.<ref name="whonejp"/> Both bands, SAS and YMO, would later be ranked at the top of [[HMV]]'s list of top 100 Japanese musicians of all time.<ref>{{citation|title=Geek Monthly, Volumes 17-22|work=[[Geek Monthly]]|year=2008|publisher=CFQ Media|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oADsAAAAMAAJ|access-date=12 June 2011|page=20}}</ref>

===1980s: Fusion with "kayōkyoku"===
[[Image:Keigo Oyamada and Ryuichi Sakamoto.jpg|thumb|right|[[Shibuya-kei]] artist [[Cornelius (musician)|Keigo Oyamada]] (left) with [[Yellow Magic Orchestra|YMO]] member [[Ryuichi Sakamoto]]]]

====City pop====
{{Main|City pop}}
In the early 1980s, with the spread of [[car stereo]]s, the term {{Nihongo|city pop|シティーポップ|shitī poppu}} came to describe a type of popular music that had a big city theme.<ref name="citypop">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bounce.com/article/article.php/757|script-title=ja:第14回 ─ シティー・ポップ|trans-title=No. 14 ─ City Pop|publisher=bounce.com|language=ja|date=2003-05-29|access-date=2008-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824172024/http://www.bounce.com/article/article.php/757|archive-date=2007-08-24|title=Bounce logo }}</ref> [[Tokyo]] in particular inspired many songs of this form. During this time, music fans and artists in Japan were influenced by [[album-oriented rock]] (especially [[Adult contemporary music|adult contemporary]]) and [[crossover (music)|crossover]] (especially [[jazz fusion]]).<ref name="citypop" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.j-wave.co.jp/original/musicnavigation/090502.html|title=パパが夢中だったAOR特集！|publisher=[[J-Wave]]|date=2009-05-02|access-date=2009-10-02|language=ja}}</ref> City pop was affected by new music, though its origins have been traced back to the mid-1970s, with the work of the Japanese rock band [[Happy End (band)|Happy End]] and its former member [[Haruomi Hosono]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hmv.co.jp/news/newsDetail.asp?newsnum=507040069|script-title=ja:シティーポップ勢のベスト盤！|trans-title=Greatest-hits albums by City Pop musicians!|publisher=HMV Japan|date=2005-07-04|language=ja|access-date=2009-01-07}}</ref> as well as [[Tatsuro Yamashita]].<ref name="waxpoetics">{{cite news |title=Ed Motta drops exclusive City Pop Vol. 2 mixtape of smooth and funky Japanese AOR - Wax Poetics |url=http://www.waxpoetics.com/blog/music/mixtape/ed-motta-drops-exclusive-city-pop-vol-2-mixtape-smooth-funky-japanese-aor/ |work=[[Wax Poetics]] |date=April 28, 2016 |access-date=October 29, 2018 |archive-date=June 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629075112/https://www.waxpoetics.com/blog/music/mixtape/ed-motta-drops-exclusive-city-pop-vol-2-mixtape-smooth-funky-japanese-aor/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The popularity of city pop plummeted when the [[Japanese asset price bubble]] burst in 1990. Its musical characteristics (except its "cultural background") were inherited by 1990s [[Shibuya-kei]] musicians such as [[Pizzicato Five]] and [[Flipper's Guitar]].<ref name="citypop" />

====Growth of the Japanese rock industry====
{{See also|Visual kei}}

[[Image:Xjapan hongkong.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Concert of pioneer of [[visual kei]], [[X Japan]] at [[Hong Kong]] in 2009 after their 2007 reunion]]
Throughout the 1980s, rock bands such as [[Southern All Stars]], [[RC Succession]], [[Anzen Chitai]], [[The Checkers (Japanese band)|The Checkers]], [[The Alfee]], and [[The Blue Hearts]] became popular. Anzen Chitai came from [[Yosui Inoue]]'s backup band. On December 1, 1983, rock singer [[Yutaka Ozaki]] debuted at the age of 18. In 1986, The Alfee became the first artists to play a concert in front of an audience of 100,000 people in Japan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://music.jp.msn.com/release/351_2.htm |title=The Alfee profile |publisher=MSN Music |language=ja |access-date=2009-01-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207202841/http://music.jp.msn.com/release/351_2.htm |archive-date=February 7, 2009 }}</ref> Some Japanese musicians, such as [[Boøwy]], [[TM Network]], and [[Buck-Tick]], were influenced by [[New Romanticism]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ongen.net/international/serial/tigerhole/newroman/index.php|title=Vol 2: The Special Topic of New Romanticism|publisher=OnGen|date=August 2005|language=ja|access-date=2009-10-08|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925121525/http://www.ongen.net/international/serial/tigerhole/newroman/index.php|archive-date=2008-09-25}}</ref>

Boøwy became an especially influential rock band, whose members included singer [[Kyosuke Himuro]] and guitarist [[Tomoyasu Hotei]]. Their three albums reached number one in 1988, making them the first male artists to have three number-ones within a single year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://natalie.mu/news/show/id/11620|title=EXILEがBOØWY以来20年ぶりに大記録達成|publisher=natalie|date=2008-12-09|language=ja|access-date=2008-12-11}}</ref> Subsequent Japanese rock bands were modeled on this band.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hmv.co.jp/news/newsDetail.asp?newsnum=310200003|title=Top 100 Japanese pops Artists - No. 22|language=ja|publisher=HMV Japan|date=2003-11-09|access-date=2008-11-21}}</ref> Guitarist [[Tak Matsumoto]], who supported TM Network's concerts, formed rock duo [[B'z]] with singer [[Koshi Inaba]] in 1988.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://music.goo.ne.jp/artist/ARTLISD1000496/index.html|title=B'z|publisher=goo|access-date=2008-01-05|language=ja|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080303092220/http://music.goo.ne.jp/artist/ARTLISD1000496/index.html|archive-date=2008-03-03}}</ref>

In the late 1980s, [[all-female band|girl band]] [[Princess Princess (band)|Princess Princess]] became a successful pop-rock band. Their singles "Diamonds" and "Sekai de Ichiban Atsui Natsu" ("World's Hottest Summer") were ranked at the number-one and number-two spots, respectively, on the 1989 Oricon Yearly Single Charts.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nikkansports.com/entertainment/news/f-et-tp0-20081211-439095.html|script-title=ja:嵐がシングル部門で年間1、2位を独占|newspaper=Nikkan Sports|date=2008-12-11|language=ja|access-date=2009-07-23}}</ref>

In the late 1980s, a new trend also emerged in Japanese rock music: the ''[[visual kei]]'', a movement notable by male bands who wore makeup, extravagant hair styles, and androgynous costumes. The most successful representatives of the movement are [[X Japan]] (formerly known as "X") and [[Buck-Tick]]. X Japan released their first album ''[[Vanishing Vision]]'' on the indie label [[Extasy Records]] in 1988; their album ''[[Blue Blood (X Japan album)|Blue Blood]]'' was released on [[Sony Music Entertainment Japan|CBS Sony]] in 1989. ''Blue Blood'' sold 712,000 copies, and their 1991 album ''[[Jealousy (X Japan album)|Jealousy]]'' sold over 1.11&nbsp;million copies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/rankmusic/42172/|title=X、初期のリマスター再発商品2作が好調！|publisher=Oricon|date=2007-02-14|language=ja|access-date=2009-07-23}}</ref> Surprisingly, X Japan were a [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]] band, but guitarist [[Hide (musician)|hide]] later came under the influence of [[alternative rock]], releasing his first solo album ''[[Hide Your Face]]'' in 1994 and launching his successful solo career.<ref>{{cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p372997/biography|pure_url=yes}}|title=Hide|website=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=2009-07-23}}</ref>

====Golden age, decline and transfiguration of Idols====
{{See also|Japanese idol}}

In the 1970s, the popularity of female [[Japanese idol|idol]] singers such as [[Mari Amachi]], [[Saori Minami]], [[Momoe Yamaguchi]], and [[Candies (group)|Candies]] increased. Momoe Yamaguchi was one of the first ''[[kayōkyoku]]'' singers to use the special pronunciation characteristic of J-pop.<ref name="kobe" /> In 1972, [[Hiromi Go]] made his debut with the song "Otokonoko Onnanoko" ("Boy and Girl").<ref name="asahi" /> Hiromi Go originally came from [[Johnny & Associates]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nikkansports.com/ns/entertainment/p-et-tp0-040708-0015.html |script-title=ja:TOKIOがジャニーズ名曲アルバム発売 |newspaper=Nikkan Sports |date=2004-07-08 |access-date=2009-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040805170050/http://www.nikkansports.com/ns/entertainment/p-et-tp0-040708-0015.html |archive-date=2004-08-05 |language=ja |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1976, female duo [[Pink Lady (duo)|Pink Lady]] made their debut with the single "[[Pepper Keibu (song)|Pepper Keibu]]". They released a record nine consecutive number-one singles.<ref name="seikomatsuda">{{Cite web|url=http://www.universal-music.co.jp/kittymme/artist/matuda/bio.html|title=Seiko Matsuda|publisher=Universal Music Japan|language=ja|access-date=2008-12-29}}</ref>

In the 1980s, Japanese idols inherited New Music, though the term fell out of usage.<ref name="newmusic" /> [[Seiko Matsuda]] especially adopted song producers of previous generations.<ref name="newmusic" /> In 1980, her third single "Kaze wa Aki Iro" ("Wind is autumn color") reached the number-one spot on the Oricon charts.<ref name="seikomatsuda" /> [[Haruomi Hosono]] also joined the production of her music.<ref name="newmusic" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Michel |first1=Patrick St |title=Perfume's GAME |date=22 February 2018 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1-5013-2589-2 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Perfume_s_GAME/rVBDDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Seiko+Matsuda+Haruomi+Hosono&pg=PA32&printsec=frontcover |language=en}}</ref> She eventually became the first artist to make 24 consecutive number-one singles, breaking Pink Lady's record.<ref name="seikomatsuda" /> Other female idol singers achieved significant popularity in the 1980s, such as [[Akina Nakamori]], [[Yukiko Okada]], [[Kyōko Koizumi]], [[Yoko Minamino]], [[Momoko Kikuchi]], [[Yōko Oginome]], [[Miho Nakayama]], [[Minako Honda]], and [[Chisato Moritaka]]. Okada received the Best New Artist award from the [[Japan Record Award]]s in 1984. Nakamori won the Grand Prix award for two consecutive years (1985 and 1986), also at the Japan Record Awards. Japanese idol band [[Onyanko Club]] made their debut in 1985, and produced popular singer [[Shizuka Kudō]]. They changed the image of Japanese idols.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.barks.jp/news/?id=1000027275&m=jpop|title=21世紀のおニャン子になるか!? AKB48に話題集中！|trans-title=Can they become Onyanko Club of the 21st century!? AKB48 is in the news!|language=ja|publisher=Barks|date=2006-10-03|access-date=2009-01-30}}</ref>

Around 1985, however, people began to be disenchanted with the system for creating idols.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20060706f3.html|title=Show biz exploits 'volunteerism' image in packaging of latest teen idol|newspaper=The Japan Times|date=2006-07-06|access-date=2009-01-26}}</ref> In 1986, idol singer [[Yukiko Okada]]'s song "Kuchibiru Network" ("Lips' Network"), written by Seiko Matsuda and composed by Ryuichi Sakamoto, became a hit song, but she committed suicide immediately after that.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lounge.ongen.net/special_ml/jukebox/20071206.php|script-title=ja:第2回 女性アイドル特集|trans-title=No. 2. Special of female idols|publisher=OnGen|date=December 2007|language=ja|access-date=2009-01-14|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207212153/http://lounge.ongen.net/special_ml/jukebox/20071206.php|archive-date=2009-02-07}}</ref> [[Hikaru Genji (band)|Hikaru Genji]], one of the [[Johnny & Associates]] bands, made their debut in 1987. They became a highly influential rollerskating boy band, with some of their members gaining their own fame as they got older. Their song "Paradise Ginga", written by [[Aska (singer)|Aska]], won the Grand Prix award at the [[30th Japan Record Awards]] in 1988. Some of the group's backing dancers later formed [[SMAP]]. The late 1980s also saw the rise of the female duo [[Wink (Japanese band)|Wink]]. They did not laugh, unlike Japanese idols of former eras. Wink debuted in 1988, surpassing the popularity of the then-most popular female duo, [[BaBe]]. Wink's song "[[Samishii Nettaigyo]]" won the grand prix award at the [[31st Japan Record Awards]] in 1989.

Popular singer [[Hibari Misora]] died in 1989, and many ''kayōkyoku'' programs, such as ''The Best Ten'', were closed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nishinippon.co.jp/nnp/culture/kayou/20061213/20061213_001.shtml |script-title=ja:第6部・演歌巡礼＜2＞前川清 べたつかぬ距離感で歌う |publisher=Nishinippon Shimbun |date=2006-12-13 |language=ja |access-date=2009-01-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206205342/http://www.nishinippon.co.jp/nnp/culture/kayou/20061213/20061213_001.shtml |archive-date=2009-02-06}}</ref> [[CoCo (group)|CoCo]] made their hit debut with the 1989 single "Equal Romance" for the hit [[anime]] series ''[[Ranma ½]]''. [[Tetsuya Komuro]], a member of TM&nbsp;Network, broke Seiko Matsuda's streak of 25 consecutive number-ones by making his single "Gravity of Love" to debut at number-one in November 1989.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/search/result.php?kbn=js&types=rnk&year=1989&month=11&week=4&submit4.x=17&submit4.y=14|title=Oricon Weekly Single Charts for the fourth week of November 1989|publisher=Oricon|access-date=2008-12-10|language=ja}}</ref>

===1990s: Coining of the term "J-pop"===

====1990–1997: Growing market====
In the 1990s, the term '''J-pop''' came to refer to all Japanese popular songs except ''[[enka]]''.<ref name=ctv /> During this period, the Japanese music industry sought [[marketing effectiveness]]. Notable examples of commercial music from the era were the [[tie-in]] music from the agency [[Being (company)|Being]] and the follow-on, [[Tetsuya Komuro]]'s [[disco]] music.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nvc.nikkeibp.co.jp/column/news/20070806_000364.html|script-title=ja:山口百恵、松田聖子、安室奈美恵の中味|trans-title=Contents of Momoe Yamaguchi, Seiko Matsuda and Namie Amuro|language=ja|publisher=[[Nikkei Business Publications]]|date=2007-08-06|access-date=2008-12-21|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081228032226/http://nvc.nikkeibp.co.jp/column/news/20070806_000364.html|archive-date=2008-12-28}}</ref> The period between around 1990 and 1993 was dominated by artists from [[being Inc.|the Being agency]], including [[B'z]], [[Tube (band)|Tube]], [[B.B.Queens]], [[T-Bolan]], [[Zard]], [[Wands (band)|Wands]], [[Maki Ohguro]], [[Deen (band)|Deen]], and [[Field of View]]. They were called the {{Nihongo|Being System|ビーイング系|Bīingu kei}}.<ref name="being">{{Cite web|url=http://www.uta-net.com/user/jake_uta/being/being.html|title=Being-kei artist|publisher=uta-net|access-date=2009-01-15|language=ja}}</ref> Many of those artists topped the charts and established new records,<ref name="being" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www5.nikkansports.com/general/obituary/2007/20070527-39022.html|script-title=ja:ＺAＲD坂井泉水さん病院階段から転落死|newspaper=Nikkan Sports|date=2007-05-27|access-date=2009-01-04|language=ja|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123102915/http://www5.nikkansports.com/general/obituary/2007/20070527-39022.html|archive-date=2009-01-23}}</ref> notably B'z, which eventually established a new record for consecutive number-one singles, surpassing Seiko Matsuda's record.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/rankmusic/39247/|script-title=ja:ミスチル、聖子抜き歴代単独2位！25作連続シングル1位！！|publisher=Oricon|date=2006-11-21|language=ja|access-date=2008-12-30}}</ref> B'z is the Japanese biggest selling artist of all time, according to Oricon charts and RIAJ certifications. On the other hand, Wands, regarded as a pioneer of the "J-pop Boom" of the 1990s, had trouble because member Show Wesugi wanted to play [[alternative rock]]/[[grunge]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.barks.jp/news/?id=1000037056|title=高品質J-POPムーブメントを駆け抜けたWANDS|publisher=Barks|date=2008-01-12|language=ja|access-date=2008-11-19}}</ref>
 
Many artists surpassed the two-million-copy mark in the 1990s. [[Kazumasa Oda]]'s 1991 single "Oh! Yeah!/Love Story wa Totsuzen ni", [[Chage and Aska]]'s 1991 single "[[Say Yes (Chage and Aska song)|Say Yes]]" and 1993 single "Yah Yah Yah", [[Kome Kome Club]]'s 1992 single "[[Kimi ga Iru Dake de]]", [[Mr. Children]]'s 1994 single "[[Tomorrow Never Knows (Mr. Children song)|Tomorrow Never Knows]]" and 1996 single "[[Namonaki Uta]]", and [[Globe (band)|Globe]]'s 1996 single "Departures" are examples of songs that sold more than 2&nbsp;million copies.<ref name="smap" /><ref name="First_Love">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/confidence/24700/|script-title=ja:トレンディドラマとともに訪れた90年代のミリオンセールス時代|trans-title=The million sale age of the 90s as well as trendy dramas|publisher=Oricon|date=2006-06-14|language=ja|access-date=2007-10-08}}</ref> [[Dreams Come True (band)|Dreams Come True]]'s 1992 album ''[[The Swinging Star]]'' became the first album to sell over 3&nbsp;million copies in Japan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sega.jp/topics/060915_2/home.shtml|title=PLAYSTATION3・Xbox360ソフト「ソニック・ザ・ヘッジホッグ」の楽曲にDREAMS COME TRUE『SWEET SWEET SWEET－06 AKON MIX－』を収録！|publisher=Sega|date=2006-09-15|language=ja|access-date=2009-01-12}}</ref> Mr. Children's 1994 album ''[[Atomic Heart (album)|Atomic Heart]]'' established a new record, selling 3.43&nbsp;million copies on Oricon charts.<ref name="First_Love" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://musico.jp/doc/070404timemachine/1994.html|title=Music Timemacine of 1994|publisher=MUSICO of [[NTT Communications Corp]]|language=ja|access-date=2009-11-20}}</ref> The duo Chage and Aska, who started recording in late 1979, became very popular during this period. They released a string of consecutive hits throughout the early 1990s; in 1996, they took part in ''[[MTV Unplugged]]'', making them the first Asian group to do so.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/12/14/talkasia.chageaska.script/index.html|title=Chage & Aska Talkasia Transcript|publisher=CNN|date=2005-12-14|access-date=2009-01-03}}</ref>

[[Image:Namie AmuroatMAA Crop.png|thumb|right|[[Namie Amuro]] (center) performs at MTV Asia Aid in [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]] in 2005.]]
After [[TM Network]] disbanded in 1994, [[Tetsuya Komuro]] became a serious song producer. The period between 1994 and 1997 was dominated by dance and techno acts from the {{Nihongo|"Komuro family"|小室ファミリー|Komuro Famirī}}, such as [[TRF (band)|TRF]], [[Ryoko Shinohara]], [[Yuki Uchida]], [[Namie Amuro]], [[Hitomi (singer)|Hitomi]], [[Globe (band)|Globe]], [[Tomomi Kahala]], and [[Ami Suzuki]]. In that time, Komuro was responsible for 20 hit songs, each selling more than a million copies.<ref name="badboys"/> While Globe's 1996 album ''[[Globe (album)|Globe]]'' sold 4.13&nbsp;million copies, establishing a record at the time, Namie Amuro's 1997 song "[[Can You Celebrate?]]" sold 2.29&nbsp;million copies, is the best selling single of all time by the female solo artist in the history of Jpop.<ref name="First_Love" /> His total sales as a song producer reached 170&nbsp;million copies.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20081105a1.html|title=Komuro arrested over contract fraud|newspaper=The Japan Times|date=2008-11-05|access-date=2009-01-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/11/04/asia/AS-Japan-People-Komuro.php|title=Top J-Pop producer arrested over alleged fraud|newspaper=[[International Herald Tribune]]|date=2008-11-04|access-date=2009-01-03}}</ref> By 1998, Komuro's songs had become less popular. By the middle part of the first decade of the 21st century,<!-- Yes, I know that phrase is incredibly awkward, but the MoS folks will get upset if we use "early 2000s"--> Komuro's debt lead him to attempt the sale of his song catalog—which he did not actually own—to an investor. When the investor found out and sued, Komuro tried to sell the catalog to ''another'' investor in order to pay the {{Currency|600000000|JPY|first=yes}} judgement he owed the first investor.<ref name="badboys">{{cite news|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fd20081116pb.html|title=The billionaire bad boys' club|newspaper=The Japan Times|date=2008-11-16|access-date=2008-11-19}}</ref>

[[Namie Amuro]], who was arguably the most popular solo singer in the period, came from the "[[Okinawa Actors School]]", which also incubated the bands [[MAX (band)|MAX]] and [[Speed (Japanese band)|Speed]]. At first, while still a part of the Komuro Family, Amuro remained in the dance music genre, but she slowly changed her music style to [[contemporary R&B]] and ended her partnership with Tetsuya Komuro.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://music.goo.ne.jp/artist/ARTLISD1003426/index.html|title=Namie Amuro|publisher=goo|access-date=2008-11-17|language=ja|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208050107/http://music.goo.ne.jp/artist/ARTLISD1003426/index.html|archive-date=2008-12-08}}</ref> Komuro's band Globe became a [[Trance music|trance]] band after their 2001 album ''Outernet''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.famitsu.com/entertainment/news/2002/02/07/n02.html|title=globe久々の全国ツアー詳細を発表！|publisher=[[Famitsu]]|language=ja|date=2002-02-07|access-date=2009-10-16}}</ref>

====1997–1999: Commercial peak====
[[File:Utada_Hikaru.jpg|thumb|225px|[[Hikaru Utada]] debuted in 1998.]]
The sales in the Japanese music market continued to increase. In October 1997, [[Glay]] released their album ''[[Review (Glay album)|Review -The Best of Glay]]'', which sold 4.87&nbsp;million copies, breaking Globe's earlier record.<ref name="First_Love" /> However, it was surpassed in the next year by [[B'z]]'s album ''[[B'z The Best "Pleasure"]]'', which sold 5.12&nbsp;million copies.<ref name="First_Love" /> The Japanese market for physical music sales peaked in 1998, recording sales of {{Currency|{{Formatprice|607000000000|-3}}|JPY}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.riaj.or.jp/e/data/money/index.html|title=Transition of Recorded Music - Value Basis|publisher=RIAJ|access-date=2009-03-07}}</ref> In March 1999, [[Hikaru Utada]] released her first Japanese album, ''[[First Love (Hikaru Utada album)|First Love]]'', which sold 7.65&nbsp;million copies, making it the best-selling album in [[Oricon]] history.<ref name="First_Love" />

<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Mizuki Nana.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Nana Mizuki]], one of Japanese voice actreses]] -->The late 1990s saw the popularity of rock bands, such as [[Glay]], [[Luna Sea]], and [[L'Arc-en-Ciel]], most of them related to the ''[[visual kei]]'' movement, though they later changed their style. At the time, rock musicians in Japan were absorbing ''kayōkyoku'' music after the genre vanished.<ref name=ctv /> Glay became especially successful, with massive exposure in the media, comparable to that of the most popular pop singers produced by Tetsuya Komuro.<ref name="Time Magazine Article">{{Cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/1998/int/980309/the_arts.music.the_day_t10.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000816220902/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/1998/int/980309/the_arts.music.the_day_t10.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 16, 2000|title=The Day the Phones Died|magazine=Time|date=1998-03-09|access-date=2008-05-23}}</ref> In July 1999, Glay played a concert to a record audience of 200,000 people at the [[Makuhari Messe]], certified by [[Guinness World Records]] as the biggest solo concert in Japan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://mainichi.jp/enta/music/graph/otodama/15/|script-title=ja:第15回 ＧＬAY 「おれたち4人の"いま"伝えたい」|trans-title=No. 15. Glay "We want people to know the 'present' of our four members"|newspaper=Mainichi Shimbun|date=2007-10-26|access-date=2009-01-12|language=ja|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226014709/http://mainichi.jp/enta/music/graph/otodama/15/|archive-date=2008-12-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.barks.jp/news/?id=1000046150|title=GLAY、デビュー15周年の"特別な1年"の内容とは？|publisher=Barks|date=2009-01-05|language=ja|access-date=2009-01-06}}</ref> In July 1999, L'Arc-en-Ciel released two albums, ''[[Ark (L'Arc-en-Ciel album)|Arc]]'' and ''[[Ray (L'Arc-en-Ciel album)|Ray]]'', at the same time; they sold over 3.02&nbsp;million combined copies in the first week of release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/search/result.php?kbn=ja&types=rnk&year=1999&month=7&week=2&submit5.x=16&submit5.y=9|title=Oricon Weekly Album Charts for the second week of July 1999|publisher=Oricon|access-date=2009-01-09|language=ja}}</ref>

[[X Japan]] announced their disbandment in September 1997 and their guitarist [[Hide (musician)|hide]] died in May 1998. His funeral had a record attendance of 50,000 people, breaking the record of [[Hibari Misora]], whose funeral was attended by 42,000 people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/music/45901/|script-title=ja:坂井さんを偲び、最後は3500人が「負けないで」を大合唱|publisher=Oricon|date=2007-06-28|access-date=2009-03-11|language=ja}}</ref> After his death, his single "[[Pink Spider]]" and album ''[[Ja, Zoo]]'' were certified million-sellers by the [[Recording Industry Association of Japan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.riaj.or.jp/data/others/million_list/1998.html|title=List of million sellers in 1998|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of Japan]]|access-date=2009-03-11|language=ja}}</ref>

[[Johnny & Associates]] produced many all-male groups: [[SMAP]], [[Tokio (band)|Tokio]], [[V6 (band)|V6]], [[KinKi Kids]] and [[Arashi]]. SMAP hit the J-pop scene in a major way in the 1990s through a combination of TV "[[Tarento]]" shows and singles, with one of its singers, [[Takuya Kimura]], becoming a popular actor commonly known as "Kimutaku" in later years.

By the late 1990s, the girl group [[Speed (Japanese band)|Speed]] was very popular; they announced their disbandment in 1999. The group returned to the music scene in 2008. Another all-female band, [[Morning Musume]], produced by [[Tsunku]], former leader of band [[Sharam Q]] became very popular, with a string of releases that were sales hits before even being released. The group's popularity gave origin to the [[Hello! Project]]. Following the pattern set a decade before by the 1980s all-female [[Onyanko Club]], Morning Musume spawned several splinter bands.

In the late 1990s and early 21st century, female singers such as [[Hikaru Utada]], [[Ayumi Hamasaki]], [[Misia (singer)|Misia]], [[Mai Kuraki]], and [[Ringo Shiina]] became chart-toppers who wrote their own songs or their own lyrics. Hikaru Utada is the daughter of [[Keiko Fuji]], a popular singer of the 1970s. Ayumi Hamasaki was made Utada's contemporary rival, though both women claimed the "competition" was merely a creation of their record companies and the media.<ref>{{Cite news| title =J-pop Divas Fight It Out | work = [[The Straits Times]] | publisher = [[Singapore Press Holdings]]| location=Singapore | date =April 20, 2001|agency=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>

[[Zeebra]] introduced [[hip hop music]] to Japanese mainstream music.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hmv.co.jp/news/newsDetail.asp?newsnum=308150071|title=Top 100 Japanese pops Artists - No. 97|publisher=HMV Japan|date=2003-08-26|language=ja|access-date=2008-11-21}}</ref> In 1999, {{Not a typo|Zeebra}} was featured by [[Dragon Ash]] in their song titled "[[Grateful Days]]", which topped the Oricon charts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sonymusic.co.jp/Music/Arch/DF/KG/m_bio.html|title=King Giddra|publisher=Sony Music Online Japan|language=ja|access-date=2009-01-12}}</ref>

===2000s: Diversification===
[[Image:Ayumi Hamasaki in London (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Ayumi Hamasaki]] in [[London]], February 2010]]

====Avex group====
{{Further|Avex Group}}
[[Ayumi Hamasaki]] won Grand Prix awards for three consecutive years—the first time in [[Japan Record Award]] history—between 2001 and 2003.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.asahi.com/03-04/news/TKY200312310164.html|script-title=ja:レコード大賞、3年連続で浜崎あゆみに 史上初|newspaper=Asahi Shimbun|date=2003-12-31|access-date=2009-01-06|language=ja}}</ref> Although Hamasaki became very famous, [[Tom Yoda]], then-chairman of her record company [[Avex Group]], argued that her tactics were risky, because Avex disregarded the [[modern portfolio theory]].<ref name="biz">{{Cite web|url=http://bizmakoto.jp/makoto/articles/0804/21/news016.html|script-title=ja:"浜崎あゆみ依存"解消で「健全になった」、音楽ビジネスの特殊性|publisher=IT media: Business Media Makoto|date=2006-09-14|access-date=2009-01-02|language=ja}}</ref> This concern disappeared when the company's other singers (such as [[Ai Otsuka]], [[Kumi Koda]], and [[Exile (Japanese band)|Exile]]) also reached a certain level of popularity in the mid-2000s under Yoda's management policy.<ref name="biz" /> [[BoA]], a Korean singer also a part of Avex group, also achieved high levels of success although being Korean in Japan. She opened the Hallyu door to other Korean artists so that they may achieve varying levels of success in Japan as well.

====''Chaku-uta''====
{{See also|RIAJ Digital Track Chart}}
In December 2002, the digital-download market for {{Nihongo|ringtone songs|着うた|chaku-uta}} was created by mobile-phone company [[au (mobile phone company)|au]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.asahi.com/digital/column01/TKY200606220218.html|script-title=ja:着うたは着信メロディと何が違うの？|trans-title=How Chaku-Uta is different from a ringtone melody?|newspaper=Asahi Shimbun|date=2006-06-22|language=ja|access-date=2009-07-29}}</ref> The market for digital downloads grew rapidly, and [[Hikaru Utada]]'s 2007 song "[[Flavor of Life]]" sold over 7&nbsp;million downloaded copies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emigroup.com/Press/2007/press117.htm |title=EMI Music Japan launches its official mobile download site "MOBAEMI" on three mobile carriers on 3rd December |publisher=EMI |date=2007-12-03 |access-date=2009-01-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224023520/http://www.emigroup.com/Press/2007/press117.htm |archive-date=December 24, 2008 }}</ref> In October 2007, [[EMI Music Japan]] announced that Utada was the world's first artist to have 10&nbsp;million digital sales in one year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sankei.jp.msn.com/economy/it/071004/its0710040215000-n1.htm|script-title=ja:宇多田ヒカル世界初の快挙！年間配信数が1000万件突破|trans-title=Utada Hikaru became the world's first musician! To break through 10 million download sales for a year|publisher=Sankei Shimbun|date=2007-10-04|language=ja|access-date=2009-01-14|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207005927/http://sankei.jp.msn.com/economy/it/071004/its0710040215000-n1.htm|archive-date=2009-02-07}}</ref> According to the [[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry]]'s 2009 digital music report, [[Thelma Aoyama]]'s digital single "[[Soba ni Iru ne]]" and [[Greeeen]]'s digital single "[[Kiseki (Greeeen song)|Kiseki]]" sold 8.2&nbsp;million copies and 6.2&nbsp;million copies, respectively, in the 2008 download rankings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/DMR2009.pdf|title=Digital Music Report in 2009|publisher=[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry]]|year=2009|access-date=2009-10-27|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033145/http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/DMR2009.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Japanese hip hop and urban pop====
{{Further|Japanese hip hop|Hip pop}}
In the first decade of the 21st century, [[hip hop music]] and [[contemporary R&B]] influences in Japanese music started to gain attention in popular mainstream music. In November 2001, R&B duo [[Chemistry (band)|Chemistry]]'s debut album ''[[The Way We Are (Chemistry album)|The Way We Are]]'' sold over 1.14&nbsp;million copies in the first week, and debuted at the number-one position on the Oricon weekly album charts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/search/result.php?kbn=ja&types=rnk&year=2001&month=11&week=3&submit5.x=26&submit5.y=13|title=Oricon Weekly Album Charts for the third week of November 2001|publisher=Oricon|access-date=2009-01-31|language=ja}}</ref> Hip hop bands such as [[Rip Slyme]] and [[Ketsumeishi]] were also at the top of the [[Oricon]] charts. Rock band [[Orange Range]] featured several elements of hip hop in their music.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sanspo.com/geino/top/gt200307/gt2003072407.html|script-title=ja:沖縄の「OＲANＧE ＲANＧE」ブレークの兆し|publisher=[[Sankei Sports]]|date=2003-07-24|access-date=2009-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031003044755/http://www.sanspo.com/geino/top/gt200307/gt2003072407.html|archive-date=2003-10-03|language=ja}}</ref> Orange Range's album ''[[musiQ]]'' sold over 2.6&nbsp;million copies, making it the number one album of 2005 on the Oricon charts.{{cn|date=January 2025}}

Pop/R&B singer [[Ken Hirai]] topped the Oricon yearly album chart in 2006 with the release of his greatest hits album ''10th Anniversary Complete Single Collection '95-'05 Utabaka'', selling over 2&nbsp;million copies.{{cn|date=January 2025}} The pop/hip-hop duo, [[Halcali]], have the honor of being the first Japanese female hip-hop artists to break the [[Oricon]] top 10 charts.{{cn|date=January 2025}} They have also performed overseas two times in 2008, once at the [[Anime Central]] festival in Chicago, and once more at [[Central Park]], NYC on Japan Day.{{cn|date=January 2025}} [[Exile (Japanese band)|Exile]], the dance-vocal group under Avex's sublabel [[Rhythm Zone]], had several million-seller albums. Their album ''Exile Love'' topped the Oricon yearly album chart in 2008.{{cn|date=January 2025}} Veteran rapper [[Dohzi-T]] collaborated with popular singers such as [[Shota Shimizu]], [[Hiromi Go]], [[Miliyah Kato]], and [[Thelma Aoyama]] in his successful 2008 album ''[[12 Love Stories]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/entertainment/music/news/20081108et02.htm|script-title=ja:ヒップホップの童子—T 優しいラブソング集好評|trans-title=Hip-hop Musician Dohzi-T's Gentle Love Songs Collection Is Received Well|newspaper=Yomiuri Shimbun|date=2008-11-08|access-date=2009-01-07|language=ja}}</ref> Although there were only 132 new artists in Japan in 2001, according to the [[Recording Industry Association of Japan]], the number increased to 512 in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.riaj.or.jp/e/data/others/debut.html|title=Number of Domestic Debut Artists|publisher=RIAJ|access-date=2009-08-21}}</ref> In 2008, 14 new artists, such as Thelma Aoyama, attended the [[NHK]] [[Kōhaku Uta Gassen]] for the first time.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nikkansports.com/entertainment/news/p-et-tp0-20081126-433486.html|script-title=ja:紅白厳選26対戦、初陣14組で常連組は落選|newspaper=Nikkan Sports|date=2008-11-26|access-date=2009-01-05|language=ja}}</ref>

====Popularity of live performances and veteran musicians====
{{See also|Fuji Rock Festival|Summer Sonic Festival|Rising Sun Rock Festival|Rock in Japan Festival}}
[[Image:FujiGreenStage.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Green Stage of the Fuji Rock Festival]]

Rock musicians such as [[Mr. Children]], [[B'z]], [[Southern All Stars]], [[L'Arc-en-Ciel]], and [[Glay]] still topped the charts in the first decade of the 21st century. Mr. Children's song "[[Sign (Mr. Children song)|Sign]]" won the Grand Prix award at the [[46th Japan Record Awards]] in 2004. When the group released their album ''[[Home (Mr. Children album)|Home]]'' in 2007, they passed 50&nbsp;million albums and singles sold, making them the second-highest selling artist of all time in Japan since the origin of Oricon—just behind B'z, who held the number-one position with more than 75&nbsp;million records sold until then.<ref name="misuchiru">{{Cite web| url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/rankmusic/43071/ | script-title=ja:ミスチル、シングル&アルバム総売上枚数5,000万枚突破|trans-title=Mr. Children, single and an album break through 50,000,000 total sales!| publisher = Oricon | date=2007-03-19 | access-date=2007-06-30 |language=ja}}</ref> ''Home'' topped the 2007 Oricon yearly album charts.

The sales of physical CDs declined, but audiences to see live performances increased.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.asahi.com/showbiz/music/TKY200812090081.html |script-title=ja:〈回顧2008〉ポピュラー ジェロ、サザン話題 本物志向 ベテラン人気|newspaper=Asahi Shimbun|date=2008-12-09|access-date=2008-12-10|language=ja}}</ref> [[Eikichi Yazawa]] took part in [[rock festival]]s, and, in 2007, he became the first artist to have performed 100 concerts at the [[Nippon Budokan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.barks.jp/artist/?id=52003324&m=bio|title=Eikichi Yazawa biography|publisher=Barks|access-date=2008-12-29|language=ja}}</ref>

Other artists, such as [[Namie Amuro]], also continued their long-running careers with successful releases in this period. Her live tour, [[Namie Amuro Best Fiction tour 2008-2009]], not only became the biggest live tour by a Japanese solo female artist—attended by 450,000 fans in Japan—but was also attended by 50,000 fans in [[Taiwan]] and [[Shanghai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hmv.co.jp/en/news/article/908060078/|title=安室奈美恵 新作DVD発売！旧作もお買い得！|publisher=HMV Japan|date=2009-08-06|access-date=2009-09-15|language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nikkansports.com/entertainment/news/p-et-tp0-20090323-474217.html|script-title=ja:安室奈美恵4度目追加公演は台湾、上海|newspaper=Nikkan Sports|date=2009-03-23|access-date=2009-09-15|language=ja}}</ref> While [[Kazumasa Oda]]'s 2005 album ''Sōkana'' topped the Oricon weekly album charts, his 2007 single "Kokoro" reached the weekly single charts, breaking [[Yujiro Ishihara]]'s record and making him the then-oldest singer to top the single charts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/rankmusic/47343/|script-title=ja:小田和正、最年長1位で2冠！「ラブ・ストーリー～」以来、16年5ヶ月ぶり首位|publisher=Oricon|date=2007-08-21|access-date=2008-11-20|language=ja}}</ref> [[Mariya Takeuchi]]'s greatest hits album ''Expressions'' topped the Oricon album chart in 2008, making her the oldest female singer with the longest active career to reach the number-one position.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/confidence/58764/full/|script-title=ja:竹内まりや、女性歌手史上最長キャリアでの首位獲得！|publisher=Oricon|date=2008-10-07|language=ja|access-date=2008-11-21}}</ref>

====Johnny & Associates====
{{Further|Johnny & Associates|J Storm}}

[[Johnny & Associates]]'s all-male groups remained well-known. In 2001, [[SMAP]] released their greatest-hits album ''SMAP Vest'', which sold over a million copies in the first week.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/search/result.php?kbn=ja&types=rnk&year=2001&month=4&week=1&submit5.x=16&submit5.y=9|title=Oricon Weekly Album Charts for the first week of April 2001|publisher=Oricon|access-date=2009-01-29|language=ja}}</ref> In November 2001, Johnny & Associates established the label [[J Storm]] for their band [[Arashi]]. SMAP's 2003 single "Sekai ni hitotsu dake no hana" sold more than two million copies, being the number-one single in the Oricon yearly single charts for that year. In 2007, Guinness World Records honored [[KinKi Kids]] for holding a world record for the number of singles debuting at the number-one position since their debut: 25.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/music/46544/|title=デビュー以来シングル25作連続初登場1位——KinKi Kids、ギネス世界記録で表彰|publisher=Oricon|date=2007-07-22|language=ja|access-date=2009-02-01}}</ref> SMAP was said to fight a lonely battle at the [[Kōhaku Uta Gassen]], as seen from the viewpoint of its audience share.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sankei.jp.msn.com/entertainments/media/080105/med0801050945001-n1.htm |script-title=ja:SMAＰが低迷紅白で"孤軍奮闘"視聴率3年連続トップ |publisher=Sankei Shimbun |date=2008-01-05 |language=ja |access-date=2009-01-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107204935/http://sankei.jp.msn.com/entertainments/media/080105/med0801050945001-n1.htm |archive-date=January 7, 2009 }}</ref> In 2008, male musicians established a record of four consecutive wins at the Kōhaku Uta Gassen.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://natalie.mu/news/show/id/12246|title=白組勝利！「NHK紅白歌合戦」大成功のうちに終了|publisher=natalie|date=2008-12-31|language=ja|access-date=2008-12-31}}</ref> Arashi's greatest hits album ''[[All the Best! 1999–2009]]'' topped the 2009 Oricon yearly album charts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://contents.oricon.co.jp/music/special/091218_01_03.html|title=2009 Oricon Yearly Album Rankings|publisher=Oricon|date=2009-12-18|language=ja|access-date=2009-12-23|archive-date=2010-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107061831/http://contents.oricon.co.jp/music/special/091218_01_03.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Johnny & Associates also produced new groups such as [[Hey! Say! JUMP]], [[Tackey & Tsubasa]], [[News (band)|NEWS]], [[Kanjani Eight]], and [[KAT-TUN]]. In 2006, KAT-TUN's debut single "[[Real Face]]", written by [[Shikao Suga]] and composed by [[Tak Matsumoto]], sold over one million copies and topped the Oricon Yearly Charts.<ref name="2006oricon">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/music/special/061221_02.html|title=2006 Oricon Yearly Single Rankings|publisher=Oricon|date=2006-12-21|access-date=2009-02-15|language=ja}}</ref> In 2007, temporary [[Johnny's Jr.]] group [[Hey! Say! JUMP|Hey! Say! 7]] broke a record as the youngest male group to ever top Oricon charts, with an average age of 14.8 years. Later that year, [[Hey! Say! JUMP]] broke a record as the largest group to debut in [[Johnny's Entertainment|Johnny's]] history, with ten members. They also became the youngest group ever to perform in Tokyo Dome with the average age of 15.7 years old.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ｈeｙ！Sａｙ！最年少東京ドーム公演|url=http://www.nikkansports.com/entertainment/p-et-tp0-20071223-298804.html|access-date=November 15, 2016|newspaper=NikkanSports}}</ref>  On the 2008 yearly singles charts, only one single ranked in the top 30 was sung by a female (Namie Amuro's single "[[60s 70s 80s]]") except gender-mixed groups, partly because the boy bands enjoyed an advantage in physical single sales.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/rankmusic/61013/full/|title=【年間ランキング】2008年のCDヒット総括|publisher=Oricon|date=2008-12-11|language=ja|access-date=2009-01-01}}</ref> In 2009, Johnny's Jr. artist [[Yuma Nakayama w/B.I.Shadow]] became the youngest artist to have their first single to debut at the number-one spot, as the band had an average age of 14.6 years, breaking the former record set by female group [[Minimoni]], 14.8 years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/rankmusic/67827/full/|title=デビュー作初登場首位の最年少記録更新「中山優馬 w/B.I.Shadow」平均"14.6歳"|publisher=Oricon|date=2009-07-21|language=ja|access-date=2009-08-10}}</ref>

====Cover versions and classical pop====
In February 2001, [[Ulfuls]] released their [[cover version]] of [[Kyu Sakamoto]]'s 1963 song "[[Ashita Ga Arusa]]". Their cover version debuted at the number-five position, behind Utada, Kinki Kids, Hamasaki and Hirai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/search/result.php?kbn=js&types=rnk&year=2001&month=2&week=4&submit4.x=14&submit4.y=6|title=Oricon Weekly Single Charts for the fourth week of February 2001|publisher=Oricon|language=ja|access-date=2009-02-01}}</ref> In March, [[Yoshimoto Kogyo]]'s special band "Re: Japan" also released their cover version of "Ashita Ga Arusa". When Ulfuls's cover version of this song remained at number eight, Re: Japan's version topped the Oricon weekly single charts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/search/result.php?kbn=js&types=rnk&year=2001&month=4&week=3&submit4.x=14&submit4.y=6|title=Oricon Weekly Single Charts for the third week of April 2001|publisher=Oricon|access-date=2009-01-31|language=ja}}</ref>

In 2003, Man Arai released the single "Sen no Kaze ni Natte" ("As A Thousand Winds") based on the Western poem "[[Do not stand at my grave and weep]]". In Japan, the poem was known for [[Rokusuke Ei]]'s reading at the funeral of Kyu Sakamoto in 1985.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news.janjan.jp/culture/0712/0712280081/1.php|script-title=ja:「千の風になって」は古来普遍の教え|newspaper=[[JANJAN]]|date=2007-12-31|access-date=2009-02-06|language=ja|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319053117/http://www.news.janjan.jp/culture/0712/0712280081/1.php|archive-date=2009-03-19}}</ref> Japanese tenor singer [[Masafumi Akikawa]] covered the song in 2006. Akikawa's cover version of the song became the first [[classical music]] single to top the Oricon charts, and sold over one million copies.<ref name="2007oricon">{{Cite web| url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/music/special/071218_01_01.html | title= 2007 Oricon Yearly Single Rankings | publisher=Oricon | date=2007-12-18 | access-date=2009-01-31 |language=ja}}</ref> On the 2007 Oricon Yearly Charts, the single became the best-selling physical single, scoring a victory over Utada's "Flavor of Life".<ref name="2007oricon" /> Oricon claimed that the song was not J-pop.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/music/47398/|script-title=ja:秋川雅史、ミリオン達成表彰式|trans-title=Masafumi Akikawa, million selling achievement awards ceremony|publisher=Oricon|date=2007-08-22|language=ja|access-date=2009-01-31}}</ref> On the other hand, sheet music from the [[Zen-On Music Company Ltd]] classified the song as J-pop.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zen-on.co.jp/disp/CSfLastGoodsPage_001.jsp?GOODS_NO=18056&dispNo=001001001001001|title=すぐに弾きたい、ちゃんと弾きたい J-POPヒットアルバム|publisher=Zen-On Music Company Ltd|access-date=2009-02-01|language=ja}}</ref>

[[Hideaki Tokunaga]] covered many female songs on his cover album series, ''Vocalist''. He released ''Vocalist'', ''Vocalist 2'', ''Vocalist 3'', ''Vocalist 4'' and ''Vocalist Vintage (Vocalist 5)'' in 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010, and 2012 respectively. In August 2007, ''Vocalist 3'' became Oricon weekly number-one cover album with 2 weeks (tied the record in Japan), and in May 2010, ''Vocalist 4'' became the Japan first Oricon monthly number-one cover album.<ref name="hideakitokunaga">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/rankmusic/47344/|script-title=ja:徳永英明、カバー作で15年10ヶ月ぶりの1位獲得！|trans-title=Hideaki Tokunaga get his first number-one in 15 years 10 months with his cover album!|work=[[Oricon]]|date=2007-08-21|access-date=2009-10-08|language=ja}}</ref>

In 2010, other singers also released cover albums of Japanese songs such as [[Juju (singer)|Juju]]'s ''[[Request (Juju album)|Request]]'' and Kumi Koda's ''[[Eternity: Love & Songs]]''. [[Superfly (band)|Superfly]] released a single that came with a cover album of Western rock songs, titled ''[[Wildflower & Cover Songs: Complete Best 'Track 3']]'', ultimately becoming the band's third consecutive album to debut at number one on the Oricon weekly album charts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://natalie.mu/music/news/37308|title=ナタリー - 3作連続の快挙！Superfly最新作がオリコンチャート首位|publisher=Natalie|date=September 7, 2010|access-date=January 24, 2011|language=ja}}</ref>

====Influence from neofolk and neo Shibuya-kei====
{{see also|Shibuya-kei|Synthpop}}

Folk duos, such as [[19 (band)|19]], [[Yuzu (band)|Yuzu]] and [[Kobukuro]], became popular during the period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nippop.com/artist/artist_id-252/artist_name-kobukuro/|title=Kobukuro|publisher=nippop|access-date=2008-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207094633/http://nippop.com/artist/artist_id-252/artist_name-kobukuro/|archive-date=2008-12-07|url-status=dead}}</ref> Their music was called "neofolk". In October 2007, Kobukuro's double-album ''All Singles Best'' became the first male album to ship three million copies in the 21st century in Japan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hotexpress.co.jp/news/071016_kobukuro/|script-title=ja:コブクロ トリプルミリオン達成！！|trans-title=Kobukuro achieved three million copies!!|publisher=Hot Express|date=2007-10-16|access-date=2009-01-04|language=ja|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207203314/http://www.hotexpress.co.jp/news/071016_kobukuro/|archive-date=2009-02-07|url-status=dead}}</ref> In January 2008, their album ''[[5296]]'' beat out Ayumi Hamasaki's album ''[[Guilty (Ayumi Hamasaki album)|Guilty]]'' on the Oricon charts, though she previously had eight consecutive number-one studio albums.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.libertytimes.com/2008/new/jan/9/today-show14.htm|script-title=zh:步姊失聰拉低股價 冠軍紀錄喊卡|publisher=[[Liberty Times]]|date=2008-01-09|access-date=2008-11-19|language=zh|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207133912/http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2008/new/jan/9/today-show14.htm|archive-date=2008-12-07}}</ref>

Electronic music bands such as [[Plus-Tech Squeeze Box]] and [[Capsule (band)|Capsule]] were called "[[neo Shibuya-kei]]". [[Yasutaka Nakata]], a member of Capsule, became the song producer for girl group [[Perfume (Japanese band)|Perfume]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hmv.co.jp/news/article/802130112|script-title=ja:テクノポップが気になる！|publisher=HMV Japan|date=2008-02-13|access-date=2009-01-06|language=ja}}</ref> In April 2008, for the first time as a technopop band in 25 years since Yellow Magic Orchestra's 1983 album ''[[Naughty Boys (album)|Naughty Boys]]'', Perfume achieved a number-one album ''[[Game (Perfume album)|Game]]'' on the Oricon charts. In July 2008, their single "[[Love the World]]" debuted at number one, making it the first technopop song to reach number one in Oricon history.<ref name="perfume">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/confidence/56346/full/| title=Perfumeがテクノアーティスト史上初のシングル首位獲得！YMO以来25年ぶりの記録更新|publisher=Oricon|date=2008-07-15|access-date=2009-01-08|language=ja}}</ref> Other Japanese female technopop artists soon followed, including [[Mitsuki Aira|Aira Mitsuki]], [[immi]], [[Masami Mitsuoka|Mizca]], [[SAWA]], [[Saori at destiny|Saoriiiii]], and [[Sweet Vacation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allabout.co.jp/gm/gc/205965/|title=08's J-pop Post-Perfume Divas|publisher=All About.co.jp|language=ja}} ([https://translate.google.com/translate?js=n&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=2&eotf=1&sl=ja&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fallabout.co.jp%2Fgm%2Fgc%2F205965%2F&act=url Translation])</ref>

====Anime music, image song and vocaloid====
{{Further|Anime song|Image song|Vocaloid}}

During the late 2000s and the early 2010s, the [[music in Japanese animation|anime music industry]], such as voice actors and [[image song]]s, added weight to Japanese music. Though anime music was formerly influenced by J-pop and ''visual kei'' music, Japanese indie music apparently influenced the genre at the 2006 [[FanimeCon]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fm20060622a3.html |title=Anime, J-indie equals 'Woodstock for geeks'|newspaper=The Japan Times|date=2006-06-22|access-date=2009-10-08}}</ref> In 2007, after [[sampling (music)|sampling]] voice actress [[Saki Fujita]]'s voice to develop it, [[Vocaloid]] [[Hatsune Miku]] was released, and many songs featuring Hatsune Miku were shown on the [[Nico Nico Douga]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asiaone.com/Digital/Features/Story/A1Story20080513-64968.html|title=Meet Japan's virtual idol|publisher=[[AsiaOne]]|date=2008-05-13|access-date=2010-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904045830/http://www.asiaone.com/Digital/Features/Story/A1Story20080513-64968.html|archive-date=2009-09-04|url-status=dead}}</ref> Some of the musicians featuring Hatsune Miku, such as [[Livetune]] and [[Supercell (band)|Supercell]], joined large record companies in Japan. Livetune released ''Re: Package'' on [[Victor Entertainment]] on August 27, 2008,<ref name="supercell3">{{Cite web| url=http://trendy.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/pickup/20090310/1024495/?P=3 |script-title=ja:音楽シーンに異変？ 「初音ミク」チャートインの理由|page=3|publisher=[[Nikkei Business Publications]]|date=2009-03-13|access-date=2010-05-25|language=ja}}</ref> and Supercell released ''[[Supercell (album)|Supercell]]'' on [[Sony Music Entertainment Japan|Sony Music]] on March 4, 2009.<ref name="supercell1">{{Cite web|url=http://trendy.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/pickup/20090310/1024495/?P=1|script-title=ja:音楽シーンに異変？ 「初音ミク」チャートインの理由|page=1|publisher=[[Nikkei Business Publications]]|date=2009-03-13|access-date=2010-06-15|language=ja}}</ref> The albums ''Re: Package'' and ''Supercell'' were not brought under the control of the [[copyright]] system of the [[Japanese Society for Rights of Authors, Composers and Publishers]] (JASRAC), breaking the tradition that the musicians under the major labels affiliated with the system.<ref name="supercell3" />

In June 2009, voice actress [[Nana Mizuki]]'s album ''[[Ultimate Diamond]]'' became the first voice actor album to reach number one on the Oricon weekly charts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/rankmusic/66771/full/|script-title=ja:デビュー9年目の水樹奈々、声優史上初の首位獲得に「夢のような出来事」|publisher=Oricon|date=2009-06-09|access-date=2009-07-21|language=ja}}</ref> The fictional all female band Hōka-go Tea Time, from the anime series ''[[K-On!]]'', released the mini-album ''Hōka-go Tea Time'' on July 22, 2009. The mini-album debuted at number one on the Oricon weekly album charts, becoming the first album by anime characters to reach number one.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/confidence/67988/full/|script-title=ja:"けいおん！"の放課後ティータイム、アニメキャラとして史上初の1位|trans-title=Hōkago Tea Time of K-On! became the first anime characters to reach the number-one position|publisher=Oricon|date=2009-07-28|access-date=2009-07-28|language=ja}}</ref> In May 2010, ''Exit Tunes Presents Vocalogenesis feat. Hatsune Miku'' became the first album featuring Vocaloids to reach number one on the Oricon weekly charts, replacing Hideaki Tokunaga's ''Vocalist 4'', which had topped the charts for four consecutive weeks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/confidence/76554/full/|script-title=ja:初音ミク"ボーカロイドアルバム"が徳永を押さえ、初首位|publisher=[[Oricon]]|date=2010-05-25|access-date=2010-05-25|language=ja}}</ref>

===2010s: Popularity of idol groups===
[[File:Ax10akb18.jpg|thumb|[[AKB48]] has occupied the top spot in the Oricon yearly single sales ranking every year since 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/confidence/2004833/full/ | title=【オリコン年間】AKB48、史上初の年間シングルTOP5独占 総売上162.8億円で7冠 | date=December 19, 2011 | access-date=December 19, 2011| publisher=[[Oricon Inc.]]| language=ja}}<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/js/y/2012/|title=CDシングル 年間ランキング-ORICON STYLE ランキング / 2012年のCDシングル年間ランキング（2012年度）|publisher=[[Oricon]]|access-date=January 30, 2012|language=ja}}<br />{{cite web|url= http://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/js/y/2013/|title= 2013年のCDシングル年間ランキング（2013年度）|publisher=[[Oricon]]|access-date= January 24, 2014|language= ja}}<br />{{cite web|url= http://www.tokyohive.com/article/2014/12/2014-oricon-yearly-single-ranking-top50|title= 2014 Oricon Yearly Single Ranking TOP50|work= toykohive|publisher= 6Theory Media, LLC.|date= December 20, 2014|access-date= January 9, 2015}}</ref>]]
Since the end of the 2000s, more and more [[Japanese idol|idol groups]] have emerged. The high number of idol groups in the Japanese entertainment industry is sometimes called the "Warring Idols Period" (アイドル戦国時代, ''aidoru sengoku jidai''), an allusion to the [[Sengoku-jidai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyzo.com/2010/04/post_4372.html|title=デビュー続々！ 2010年アイドル戦国時代 生き残るのはどのグループ!?|date=2010-04-23}}</ref> Some of the most successful groups during the 2010s include [[Hey! Say! JUMP]], [[AKB48]], [[Arashi]], [[Kanjani Eight]], [[Morning Musume]], and [[Momoiro Clover Z]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ajw.asahi.com/article/cool_japan/culture/aj201208290008|title=Momoiro Clover Z dazzles audiences with shiny messages of hope|work=[[The Asahi Shimbun]]|date=2012-08-29|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024003154/http://ajw.asahi.com/article/cool_japan/culture/AJ201208290008|archive-date=2013-10-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.japan-talk.com/jt/new/top-25-jpop-artists-of-2011 | title=Top 25 JPop Artists of 2011 | access-date=12 January 2014}}</ref>

[[Kyary Pamyu Pamyu]], a [[Harajuku|Harajuku-based]] fashion model, made her musical debut in 2011 and gained international popularity with her debut single "[[Pon Pon Pon]]", recognized by some Western celebrities such as [[Katy Perry]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://mdpr.jp/international/detail/1294596 | title=ケイティ・ペリー、きゃりーを「連れて帰りたい」と大興奮 「Mステ」で念願の初共演 | date=1 November 2013 | access-date=24 February 2014 |language=ja}}</ref> and [[Ariana Grande]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cinematoday.jp/page/N0059450 | script-title=ja:米歌手アリアナ・グランデ、きゃりーぱみゅぱみゅにラブコール | date=7 January 2014 | access-date=24 February 2014|language=ja}}</ref> She is produced by Yasutaka Nakata, who also produces the group Perfume. She subsequently gained success through her songs "[[Ninja Re Bang Bang]]" and "[[Fashion Monster]]". During 2014, about 486,000 people attended [[Momoiro Clover Z]]'s live concerts, which was the highest recorded concert attendance for any female musician in Japan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXMZO79804640X11C14A1000000/ |title=AKB48よりももクロが上 コンサート動員力2014 |work=[[Nihon Keizai Shimbun]]|date= 4 December 2014|access-date = 16 September 2015|language=ja}}</ref>

In 2019, AKB48 announced the postponement of its general election,<ref>{{cite web |title=AKB48 NOT to Hold Election this Year |url=https://jshowbiz.com/english/news/akb48/item/4980-akb48-election-2019.html}}</ref> and  Arashi announced the group's hiatus.<ref>{{cite web |title=Popular boy band Arashi's decision to take a break at end of 2020 shocks fans in Japan and overseas |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2019/01/27/entertainment-news/arashi-suspend-activities-end-2020/#.XbFSMugzbIU|date=2019-01-27}}</ref>

====Age free music====
There have been attempts to create "age free music" (Japanese: エイジ・フリー・ミュージック) that is neither [[enka]] or [[kayōkyoku]] or J-pop, and therefore transcends generations. There was a campaign by 15 record companies. Age free music is supported by music critic [[w:ja:富澤一誠|Issei Tomizawa]], who has a radio programme called [[w:ja:Age Free Music!|Age Free Music!]].<ref>[https://xing.co.jp/archives/20895 エイジフリー世代が求める"大人の音楽"「Age Free Music」をJOYSOUNDのカラオケで楽しもう！～195曲を新たに追加し、全1,041曲に～]. Xing. 30 November 2022.</ref><ref>[https://www.sanspo.com/article/20240411-MLSTOFZNURJJDLL2E2T7RFBWQQ/ 坂本つとむやシティーポップ、「ふてほど」のヒットから再生のキーワードは1980年代？！/芸能ショナイ業務話]. Sankei Sports. 11 April 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.zakzak.co.jp/entertainment/ent-news/news/20110225/enn1102251604015-n1.htm 世代超えたポップス勢「AgeFreeMusic」に注目]. Zakzak. 25 February 2011.</ref><ref>[https://www.nack5.co.jp/program/22/ Age Free Music！]. Nack5.</ref><ref>[https://realsound.jp/2016/09/post-9345.html/amp 音楽評論家 富澤一誠の新レーベルに着目したドキュメンタリー番組放送決定]. Real Sound. 21 September 2016.</ref><ref>[https://www.oricon.co.jp/confidence/special/53208/ 世代を超えたヒット曲をめざし7年 広瀬倫子が新曲「愛を舐めるな」で挑戦する"愛の裏側"]. Oricon Music. 21 June 2019.</ref>

=== 2020s: Global popularity ===
Idol groups remained relevant in the 2020s. According to surveys in Japan for 2024, popular Japanese groups include [[Me:I|ME:I]], [[Number i]], [[Naniwa Danshi]], [[Snow Man]], [[Fruits Zipper]], and [[NiziU]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-03 |title=ME:I・高橋文哉・"猫ミーム"...Z世代が選ぶ2024年上半期トレンドランキング発表 - モデルプレス |url=https://mdpr.jp/news/detail/4293676 |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=モデルプレス - ライフスタイル・ファッションエンタメニュース |language=ja}}</ref> Popular solo singers and duets include [[Yoasobi]], [[Mrs. Green Apple]], [[Creepy Nuts]], and [[Ado (singer)|Ado]].<ref>[https://mdpr.jp/photo/detail/16813172 ME:I・高橋文哉・"猫ミーム"...Z世代が選ぶ2024年上半期トレンドランキング発表].</ref> 

J-pop has begun to appear in global charts, although it had not had such popularity before.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Michel |first=Patrick St |date=2023-12-08 |title=J-pop's global ambitions came closer to reality in 2023 |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2023/12/08/music/yoasobi-idol-imase-xg-atarashii-gakko/ |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=The Japan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/j-pop-is-now-gaining-popularity-on-a-global-scale/|title=J-Pop is now gaining popularity on a global scale|website=[[Music Business Worldwide]]|date=20 February 2024}}</ref> Yoasobi's song "[[Idol (Yoasobi song)|Idol]]" became the first Japanese song to reach number one on the [[Billboard Global 200|Billboard Global Excl. U.S.]] chart,<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Trust |first=Gary |date=2023-06-05 |title=YOASOBI's 'Idol' Surges to No. 1 on Billboard Global Excl. U.S. Chart |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/yoasobi-idol-tops-billboard-global-excl-us-chart-1235346245/ |access-date=2024-07-28 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref> as well as on the [[Apple Music]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=YOASOBI's Oshi no Ko Anime Theme Song 'Idol' Tops Apple's Global Music Charts |url=https://www.crunchyroll.com/news/latest/2023/6/21/yoasobi-s-oshi-no-ko-anime-theme-song-idol-tops-apple-s-global-music-charts |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=www.crunchyroll.com}}</ref> and [[YouTube Music]] charts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-12 |title=YOASOBI「アイドル」世界1位 YouTube楽曲ランキング：朝日新聞デジタル |url=https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASR7D6KB7R7DUCVL03P.html?iref=ogimage_rek |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=朝日新聞デジタル |language=ja}}</ref> By 2024, [[Shōwa nostalgia#Music|Showa retro]] and other Japanese pop music has become particularly popular in South Korea.<ref>[https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/videos/20241114230002000/ S.Korea embraces retro Japanese pop music]. NHK. 14 November 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.asahi.com/sp/ajw/articles/15169170 Love for J-pop blooms in South Korea thanks to young fans]. The Asahi Shimbun. 24 February 2024.</ref><ref>[https://m.koreatimes.co.kr/pages/article.amp.asp?newsIdx=370207 J-pop expands presence in Korea]. The Korean Times. 7 March 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.chosun.com/english/kpop-culture-en/2024/08/21/T476GQYSGNBDNIOHAWBBRED4KM/ K-pop thriving in Japan, J-pop fever sweeps Korea]. The Chosun Daily. 21 August 2024.</ref><ref>[https://m.koreatimes.co.kr/pages/article.amp.asp?newsIdx=382133 J-pop artists sell out concerts in Korea, occupying large venues]. The Korean Times. 9 September 2024.</ref> The main artists that lead the genre internationally during the decade include Yoasobi, Creepy Nuts, Ado, [[Fujii Kaze]], [[LiSA]], and [[King Gnu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.femalemag.com.sg/culture/japan-j-pop-music/|title=The New Wave of J-Pop: 7 Music Acts Leading the Charge|website=Female Singapore|date=3 April 2024}}</ref>