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Jakub Berman
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==World War II== On 6 September 1939, after the [[invasion of Poland]] by [[Nazi Germany]], Berman followed government directions for "able-bodied men" and took a train going in an easterly direction.<ref name="Jestem córką Jakuba 38">Lucyna Tychowa and Andrzej Romanowski, ''Tak, jestem córką Jakuba Bermana'' [Yes, I'm the Daughter of Jakub Berman], p. 38.</ref> He went to [[Białystok]], occupied by the [[Soviet Union]] after the [[Soviet invasion of Poland]]. With his friend [[Alfred Lampe]], Berman was active in Polish-communist circles there and became a Soviet citizen. In March 1941 he moved to [[Minsk]], where he worked as an editor at ''[[Sztandar Wolności]]'' ('The Banner of Freedom'), a Polish-language bulletin published by the [[Communist Party of Byelorussia]].<ref name="Jestem córką Jakuba 45–51"/> Berman's [[thesis|doctoral dissertation]], written under the direction of Krzywicki and entitled ''O strukturze miast polskich na podstawie spisu ludności w 1791 r.'' ('On the structure of Polish cities based on the population census of 1791'), was brought to Białystok by his friend and colleague Irena Sawicka, but burned in Minsk when a dormitory where Berman and other journalists were housed was bombed by the Germans.<ref name="Jestem córką Jakuba 45–51"/><ref name="Jestem córką Jakuba 51–55">Lucyna Tychowa and Andrzej Romanowski, ''Tak, jestem córką Jakuba Bermana'' [Yes, I'm the Daughter of Jakub Berman], pp. 51–55.</ref> After the [[Operation Barbarossa|German invasion of the Soviet Union]] in 1941, Berman escaped to [[Moscow]]. He later became an instructor at the [[International Lenin School]], the [[Communist International|Comintern]] school, where he trained displaced Polish communists, activists for the new Soviet-sponsored Polish Workers' Party (PPR).<ref name="hoover" /><ref name="Jestem córką Jakuba 57–63">Lucyna Tychowa and Andrzej Romanowski, ''Tak, jestem córką Jakuba Bermana'' [Yes, I'm the Daughter of Jakub Berman], pp. 57–63.</ref> With the help from [[Georgi Dimitrov]] and [[Jerzy Borejsza]], Berman was able to bring his wife and daughter Lucyna there too.<ref name="Jestem córką Jakuba 57–63"/> In December 1943, Berman met [[Joseph Stalin]] at a [[Moscow Kremlin|Kremlin]] reception for activists of the [[Union of Polish Patriots]] (ZPP). Berman became a prominent figure among the Polish communists in the Soviet Union (according to Berman, however, Stalin hated him).<ref name="Jestem córką Jakuba 74–79">Lucyna Tychowa and Andrzej Romanowski, ''Tak, jestem córką Jakuba Bermana'' [Yes, I'm the Daughter of Jakub Berman], pp. 74–79.</ref> In 1945, after a survey suggested that 4.8 million Polish citizens including 3 million Jews had died in the war, Berman stated "if we accept that 3 million Jews were murdered, we must significantly increase the number of Polish victims".<ref name="Polish Problem">{{cite web |last1=Grabowski |first1=Jan |title=The Polish Problem with the Holocaust |url=http://conciliumcivitas.pl/the-polish-problem-with-the-holocaust/ |website=Concilium Civitas |access-date=31 January 2021}}</ref> He declared that 3 million non-Jewish Poles had died, in order to equalize the numbers, to make them acceptable to Polish public opinion.<ref name="Polish Problem"/> According to [[Jan Grabowski]], this policy of "equalizing" the respective numbers of Jewish and Polish victims has since been propagated in Poland and that is how the issue is presently taught to students in public schools.<ref name="Polish Problem"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grabowski |first1=Jan |title=The Holocaust and Poland's "History Policy" |journal=Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs |date=2016 |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=481–486 |doi=10.1080/23739770.2016.1262991|s2cid=151397832 }}</ref>
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