Editing Jayaprakash Narayan (section)

== Higher education in the United States ==

After exhausting the courses at the Vidyapeeth, Narayan decided to continue his studies in the United States.<ref name=Das2005p239>{{cite book |title=Jayaprakash Narayan: A Centenary Volume |first=Sandip |last=Das |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-8324-001-7 |page=239 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U9U0LiT3dtMC&pg=PA239 }}</ref> At age 20, Jayaprakash sailed aboard the cargo ship ''Janus'' while Prabhavati remained at Sabarmati. Jayaprakash reached California on 8 October 1922, and was admitted to the [[University of California, Berkeley]] (UC Berkeley) in January 1923 as a chemistry undergraduate.<ref name="ie">{{cite news |last1=Chishti |first1=Seema |title=Jayaprakash Narayan: Reluctant messiah of a turbulent time |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/jayaprakash-narayan-emergency-congress-jp-movement-emergency-in-india-indira-gandhi-sampoorna-kranti-4884241/ |access-date=11 June 2018 |publisher=The India Express |date=11 October 2017}}</ref> To pay for his education, Narayan picked grapes, packed fruits at a canning factory, washed dishes, and worked as a garage mechanic. These jobs gave Narayan an insight into the difficulties of the working class.<ref name="indiatimes1"/><ref name="nytimes1975"/><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924064686276?urlappend=%3Bseq=739|title=Register – University of California: 1922/1923|journal=Register |publisher=University of California Press|year=1923|location=Berkeley, California|page=227|hdl=2027/coo.31924064686276?urlappend=%3Bseq=739}}</ref> While at Berkeley, Narayan, then one of 45 students from India, joined the university's Hindustan Club.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hindus Give Up Classic Studies To Turn Hands To New India's Problems of Farms and Business |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-oakland-post-enquirer-hindus-give-up/169729083/ |accessdate=6 April 2025 |work=Oakland Post Enquirer |date=17 April 1923|via=Newspapers.com}}{{free access}}</ref> At the end of the semester, however, his fees doubled and he was forced to transfer to [[The University of Iowa]], where he continued his studies in applied science and his activities with the Hindustan Association of America, a national association of Indian students studying in the United States.<ref name="Narayan_chairman">{{cite news |title=Hindus Plan Convention Of Importance |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/iowa-city-press-citizen-hindus-plan-conv/169733178/ |accessdate=6 April 2025 |work=Iowa City Press-Citizen |date=19 December 1923|via=Newspapers.com}}{{free access}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iowa Hindus To Entertain National Body |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/iowa-city-press-citizen-iowa-hindus-to-e/169733081/ |accessdate=6 April 2025 |work=Iowa City Press-Citizen |date=24 December 1923|via=Newspapers.com}}{{free access}}</ref> Narayan chaired the association's 1923 national convention, which was held at the university at the end of December 1923.<ref name="Narayan_chairman"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Hindoo Convention Opens This Evening |url=https://dailyiowan.lib.uiowa.edu/DI/1923/di1923-12-28.pdf |accessdate=6 April 2025 |work=Daily Iowan |date=28 December 1923}}</ref>

In Wisconsin, Narayan was introduced to [[Karl Marx]]'s book ''[[Das Kapital]]''. News of the success of the [[Bolsheviks]] in the [[Russian Civil War]] made Narayan conclude [[Marxism]] was the way to alleviate the suffering of the masses. He studied books by Indian intellectuals and Communist theoreticians [[M. N. Roy]]. Narayan's paper on sociology ''Cultural Variation''<ref>Narayan, JP. Cultural variation. Diss. The Ohio State University, 1929.</ref> was declared the best of the year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Writings of Jayprakash Narayan |url=https://www.mkgandhi.org/jpnarayan/amarxism.htm |website=www.mkgandhi.org |access-date=21 January 2021}}</ref> Narayan graduated from [[University of Wisconsin]] with a MA in Sociology, and from [[Ohio State University]] with a BA in behavioural science.<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite news |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/views/the-idea-of-total-revolution/articleshow/49422574.cms |title=The Idea of 'Total Revolution' |date=16 October 2015 |work=Bangalore Mirror |access-date=22 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="nytimes1975">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/03/30/archives/a-new-wave-from-the-old-india-out-of-the-past-comes-jp-narayan-a.html |title=A new wave from the old India |author=[[Khushwant Singh]] |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=30 March 1975 |access-date=22 February 2021}}</ref> While in the United States, he met [[K. B. Menon]], then teaching at [[Harvard]], ultimately persuading him to return to India and join the independence movement there.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Lekshmi Priya |date=4 August 2018 |title=This Unsung Kerala Scholar Was The Architect of the Quit India Movement in Malabar! |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/154699/news-kerala-dr-kb-menon-independence-day/ |website=The Better India |access-date=18 February 2024}}</ref>