Editing Joseph Marie Jacquard (section)

==Jacquard machine==
{{main article|Jacquard loom}}
[[Image:Jacquard.loom.full.view.jpg|thumb|left|Jacquard loom on display in the [[Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester]], [[England]]]]

The Jacquard Loom is a mechanical [[loom]] that uses pasteboard cards with punched holes, each card corresponding to one row of the design.  Multiple rows of holes are punched in the cards and the many cards that compose the design of the textile are strung together in order. It is based on earlier inventions by the Frenchmen [[Basile Bouchon]] (1725), Jean-Baptiste Falcon (1728) and [[Jacques Vaucanson]] (1740).<ref>[[#RAZY|Razy, C.]] (1913), p.120.</ref>

To understand the Jacquard loom, some basic knowledge of [[weaving]] is necessary.  Parallel threads (the "warp") are stretched across a rectangular frame (the "loom").  For plain cloth, every other warp thread is raised.  Another thread (the "weft thread") is then passed (at a right angle to the warp) through the space (the "shed") between the lower and the upper warp threads.  Then the raised warp threads are lowered, the alternate warp threads are raised, and the weft thread is passed through the shed in the opposite direction.  With hundreds of such cycles, the cloth is gradually created.

[[File:A la mémoire de J.M. Jacquard.jpg|thumb|<div align="center">'''The Most Famous Image in the Early History of Computing'''<ref>[http://www.historyofscience.com/G2I/timeline/index.php?category=Computers+%26+the+Human+Brain From cave paintings to the internet] at HistoryofScience.com</ref></div><br>This portrait of Jacquard was woven in silk on a Jacquard loom and required 24,000 punched cards to create (1839). It was only produced to order. One of these portraits in the possession of [[Charles Babbage]] inspired him in using perforated cards in his [[Analytical Engine]].<ref>Hyman, Anthony, ed. ''Science and Reform: Selected Works of Charles Babbage'', Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1989, p. 298.</ref><ref name=Gross>{{cite journal|last1=Gross|first1=Benjamin|title=The French connection|journal=Distillations Magazine|date=Fall 2015|volume=1|issue=3|pages=10–13|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/the-french-connection|access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref>  It is in the collection of the [[Science Museum (London)|Science Museum]] in London, England.<ref name=Delve99 />]]

By raising different (not just alternate) warp threads and using colored threads in the weft, the texture, color, design, and pattern can be varied to create varied and highly desirable fabrics.  Weaving elaborate patterns or designs manually is a slow, complicated procedure subject to error.  Jacquard's loom was intended to automate this process.

Jacquard was not the first to try to automate the process of weaving.  In 1725 [[Basile Bouchon]] invented an attachment for draw looms that used a broad strip of punched paper to select the warp threads that would be raised during weaving.<ref>Kreindl, Fritz (8 May 1935) "Jacquards Prinzip bereits 200 Jahre alt?" [Jacquard principle already 200 years old?], ''Sonderdruck aus Melliand Textilberichte, Heidelberg 2'', pp. 1–2. Kreindl claims that in or before 1740, a member of the Ortner family of Muhlviertel in Upper Austria independently invented a mechanism similar to Bouchon's, except that instead of using perforated paper, the mechanism was controlled by a strip of canvas to which pegs had been attached.</ref>  Specifically, Bouchon's innovation involved a row of hooks.  The curved portion of each hook snagged a string that could raise one of the warp threads, whereas the straight portion of each hook pressed against the punched paper, which was draped around a perforated cylinder.  Whenever the hook pressed against the solid paper, pushing the cylinder forward would raise the corresponding warp thread; whereas whenever the hook met a hole in the paper, pushing the cylinder forward would allow the hook to slip inside the cylinder and the corresponding warp thread would not be raised.  Bouchon's loom was unsuccessful because it could handle only a modest number of warp threads.<ref>[[Abbott Payson Usher|Usher, Abbott Payson]]. ''A History of Mechanical Invention'', revised ed., Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1954, p. 290.</ref><ref>Bell, T. F. [https://archive.org/details/jacquardweaving00bellgoog/page/n30 <!-- pg=18 --> ''Jacquard Weaving and Designing''], London:  Longmans, Green, and Co., 1895, pp. 18–20. Detailed illustrations of Bouchon's mechanism and explanations of its operation.</ref>

By 1737, a master silk weaver of [[Lyon]], Jean Falcon, had increased the number of warp threads that the loom could handle automatically.  He developed an attachment for looms in which Bouchon's paper strip was replaced by a chain of punched cards, which could deflect multiple rows of hooks simultaneously.  Like Bouchon, Falcon used a "cylinder" (actually, a four-sided perforated tube) to hold each card in place while it was pressed against the rows of hooks.<ref>Bell (1895), [https://archive.org/details/jacquardweaving00bellgoog/page/n31 pp. 19–22]. Detailed illustrations of Falcon's mechanism and explanations of its operation.</ref>  His loom was modestly successful; about 40 such looms had been sold by 1762.<ref>Usher (1954), p. 291.</ref>

In 1741, [[Jacques de Vaucanson]], a French inventor who designed and built automated mechanical toys, was appointed inspector of silk factories.<ref>Barlow (1878), p. 146.</ref>  Between 1747 and 1750,<ref name= "Pérez 242">Pérez, Liliane. [https://books.google.com/books?id=fXlALljcyMkC&dq=Vaucanson+soie&pg=PA242 "Inventing in a world of guilds:  Silk fabrics in eighteenth-century Lyon"] in ''Guilds, Innovation, and the European Economy, 1400–1800'', Stephan R. Epstein and Maarten Roy Prak, ed.s, (Cambridge, England:  Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 242.</ref> he tried to automate Bouchon's mechanism.  In Vaucanson's mechanism, the hooks that were to lift the warp threads were selected by long pins or "needles", which were pressed against a sheet of punched paper that was draped around a perforated cylinder.  Specifically, each hook passed at a right angle through an eyelet of a needle.  When the cylinder was pressed against the array of needles, some of the needles, pressing against solid paper, would move forward, which in turn would tilt the corresponding hooks.  The hooks that were tilted would ''not'' be raised, so the warp threads that were snagged by those hooks would remain in place; however, the hooks that were ''not'' tilted, would be raised, and the warp threads that were snagged by those hooks would also be raised.  By placing his mechanism above the loom, Vaucanson eliminated the complicated system of weights and cords (tail cords, simple, pulley box, etc.) that had been used to select which warp threads were to be raised during weaving.  Vaucanson also added a ratchet mechanism to advance the punched paper each time that the cylinder was pushed against the row of hooks.<ref>Usher (1954), p. 292.</ref><ref>Bell (1895), pp. 22–23.</ref><ref>Barlow (1878), p. 141.</ref><ref>[http://www.rutherfordjournal.org/images/hollerith4.png Photograph of a replica of Vaucanson's loom], Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers in Paris</ref>  However, Vaucanson's loom was not successful, probably because, like Bouchon's mechanism, it could not control enough warp threads to make sufficiently elaborate patterns to justify the cost of the mechanism.<ref name= "Pérez 242" />

To stimulate the French textile industry, which was competing with Britain's industrialized industry, [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] placed large orders for Lyon's silk, starting in 1802.<ref name=Delve100 />  In 1804,<ref>Eymard (1863), p. 11.</ref> at the urging of Lyon fabric maker and inventor Gabriel Dutillieu, Jacquard studied Vaucanson's loom, which was stored at the [[Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers]] in Paris.<ref name=Delve99 />  By 1805 Jacquard had eliminated the paper strip from Vaucanson's mechanism and returned to using Falcon's chain of punched cards.<ref>Bell (1895), p. 23.</ref>

The potential of Jacquard's loom was immediately recognized.  On 12 April 1805, Emperor Napoleon and [[Empress Josephine]] visited Lyon and viewed Jacquard's new loom.  On 15 April 1805, the emperor granted the patent for Jacquard's loom to the city of Lyon.  In return, Jacquard received a lifelong pension of 3,000 francs; furthermore, he received a royalty of 50 francs for each loom that was bought and used during the period from 1805 to 1811.<ref name=Delve100 />