Editing July Monarchy (section)

==Background==
{{main|Bourbon Restoration in France}}{{Further|France in the nineteenth century}}
[[File:1841 portrait painting of Louis Philippe I (King of the French) by Winterhalter.jpg|thumb|left|250px|''[[Portrait of Louis Philippe I (Winterhalter)|Portrait of Louis Philippe I]]'' by [[Franz Xaver Winterhalter]], 1841. The [[Louis Philippe I]], [[King of the French]], is depicted at the entrance of the {{lang|fr|Gallerie des batailles}} which he had furnished in the {{lang|fr|[[Château de Versailles]]|italic=no}}.]]
[[File:La Liberté guidant le peuple - Eugène Delacroix - Musée du Louvre Peintures RF 129 - après restauration 2024.jpg|right|300px|thumb|''[[Liberty Leading the People]]'' (1830) by {{lang|fr|[[Eugène Delacroix]]|italic=no}} commemorates the [[July Revolution]] of 1830. The child with two pistols to the right of Liberty (who holds the [[French flag|tricolor flag]]) would be {{lang|fr|[[Victor Hugo]]|italic=no}}'s inspiration for {{lang|fr|[[Gavroche]]|italic=no}} in {{lang|fr|[[Les Misérables]]}}.{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}}]]

Following the ouster of {{lang|fr|[[Napoléon Bonaparte]]|italic=no}} in 1814, the Coalitions restored the [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon Dynasty]] to the [[List of French monarchs|French throne]]. The ensuing period, the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon Restoration]], was characterized by conservative reaction and the re-establishment of the [[Catholic Church in France|Roman Catholic Church]] as one of the main powers in [[Politics of France|French politics]]. The relatively moderate {{lang|fr|Comte de Provence|italic=no}}, brother of the deposed-and-executed [[Louis XVI]], ruled as [[Louis XVIII]] from 1814 to 1824 and was succeeded by his more conservative younger brother, the former {{lang|fr|Comte d'Artois|italic=no}}, ruling as [[Charles X of France|Charles X]] from 1824. In May 1825 he had an [[Coronation of Charles X|elaborate coronation]] in [[Reims Cathedral]] which harkened back to the pre-revolutionary monarchy.

Despite the return of the House of Bourbon to power, France was much changed from the era of the {{lang|fr|[[ancien régime]]}}. The egalitarianism and liberalism of the revolutionaries remained an important force and the autocracy and hierarchy of the earlier era could not be fully restored. Economic changes, which had been underway long before the revolution, had progressed further during the years of turmoil and were firmly entrenched by 1815. These changes had seen power shift from the noble landowners to the urban merchants. The administrative reforms of Napoleon, such as the [[Napoleonic Code]] and efficient bureaucracy, also remained in place. These changes produced a unified central government that was fiscally sound and had much control over all areas of French life, a sharp difference from the complicated mix of feudal and absolutist traditions and institutions of pre-Revolutionary Bourbons.

[[Louis XVIII]], for the most part, accepted that much had changed. However, he was pushed on his [[right wing|right]] by the [[Ultra-royalists]], led by the {{lang|fr|[[comte de Villèle]]}}, who condemned the {{lang|fr|[[doctrinaires]]|italic=no}}' attempt to reconcile the Revolution with the monarchy through a [[constitutional monarchy]]. Instead, the {{lang|fr|[[Chambre introuvable]]}}, elected in 1815, first banished all {{lang|fr|[[National Convention|Conventionnels]]}} who had voted for Louis XVI's death and then passed similar [[reactionary]] laws. Louis XVIII was forced to dissolve this Chamber, dominated by the [[Ultra-royalist|Ultras]], in 1816, fearing a popular uprising. The liberals thus governed until the 1820 assassination of the [[Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry|Duke of Berry]], nephew of the king and known supporter of the Ultras, which brought {{lang|fr|Villèle|italic=no}}'s Ultras back to power (vote of the [[Anti-Sacrilege Act]] in 1825, and of the {{lang|fr|[[loi sur le milliard des émigrés]]}}, 'Act on the émigrés' billions'). His brother [[Charles X of France|Charles X]], however, took a far more conservative approach. He attempted to compensate the aristocrats for what they had lost in the revolution, curbed the freedom of the press, and reasserted the power of the Church. In 1830 the discontent caused by these changes and Charles' authoritarian nomination of the Ultra {{lang|fr|[[Jules, prince de Polignac|prince de Polignac]]|italic=no}} as minister culminated in an uprising in the streets of Paris, known as the 1830 [[July Revolution]]. Charles was forced to flee and {{lang|fr|[[Louis-Philippe]] d'Orléans}}, a member of the {{lang|fr|[[House of Orléans|Orléans]]|italic=no}} branch of the family, and son of {{lang|fr|[[Philippe Égalité]]}} who had voted the death of his cousin Louis XVI, ascended the throne. Louis-Philippe ruled, not as "King of France" but as "King of the French" (an evocative difference for contemporaries).