Editing Juneteenth (section)

==History==
[[File:Abolition of slavery in the United States SVG map.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Abolition of slavery in the United States in the Civil War period (the blues and darker greens in the above map occurred before the Civil War period):
{{Legend|#97cf2d|Exclusion of slavery by Congressional action, 1861}}
{{Legend|#c7dd47|Abolition of slavery by Congressional action, 1862}}
{{Legend|#ffe86d|Emancipation Proclamation as originally issued, January 1, 1863}}
{{Legend|#f1c84e|Subsequent operation of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863}}
{{Legend|#d39c59|Abolition of slavery by state action during the Civil War}}
{{Legend|#f7b360|Operation of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1864}}
{{Legend|#f6a89a|Operation of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1865}}
{{Legend|#d3595f|Thirteenth Amendment to the US constitution, December 18, 1865}}
{{Legend|#bca4b1|Territory incorporated into the US after the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment}}]]
[[File:Emancipation Proclamation.PNG|thumb|upright=1.5|Areas covered by the [[Emancipation Proclamation]] are in red. Slave-holding areas not covered are in blue.]]

On September 22, 1862, President [[Abraham Lincoln]] announced that the [[Emancipation Proclamation]] would go into effect on January 1, 1863, promising freedom to enslaved people in all of the rebellious parts of Southern states of [[Confederate States of America|the Confederacy]] including Texas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 9, 2021 |title=Our Documents – Emancipation Proclamation (1863) |url=https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=34 |access-date=July 16, 2021 |website=ourdocuments.gov |archive-date=June 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615120507/https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=34 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=October 6, 2015 |title=The Emancipation Proclamation |url=https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured-documents/emancipation-proclamation |access-date=July 5, 2021 |website=National Archives Museum |archive-date=February 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206210236/https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured-documents/emancipation-proclamation |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|name="war powers"}}{{efn|Although the Emancipation Proclamation declared an end to slavery in the Confederate States, it did not end slavery in the places that were then deemed loyal to the Union (the [[Border states (American Civil War)|border states]], nor in certain counties or parishes of Louisiana and Virginia).  Freedom there generally came through other methods before the end of the war. But as a result, for a short while after the fall of the Confederacy, slavery remained legal in Delaware and Kentucky.<ref>{{cite web |date=August 9, 2012 |title=10 Facts: The Emancipation Proclamation |url=https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/10-facts-emancipation-proclamation |access-date=June 19, 2020 |website=American Battlefield Trust |language=en |archive-date=December 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213141505/https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/10-facts-emancipation-proclamation |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Taylor |first=Amy |title=The Border States (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/the-border-states.htm |access-date=June 19, 2020 |website=National Park Service |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior |language=en |archive-date=June 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619143033/https://www.nps.gov/articles/the-border-states.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Those enslaved people were not freed until the ratification of the [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution]], which abolished [[chattel slavery]] nationwide, on December 6, 1865.}} Enforcement of the Proclamation generally relied upon the advance of Union troops. Texas, as the most remote state of the former Confederacy, had seen an expansion of slavery because the presence of Union troops was low as the [[American Civil War]] ended; thus, the enforcement of the Emancipation Proclamation had been slow and inconsistent there prior to Granger's order.<ref name="gates" /> In all June 19, 1865, was 900 days after the Emancipation Proclamation went into effect, 71 days after [[Robert E. Lee]] surrendered to the Union on April 9, 1865, and 24 days after the disbanding of the Confederate military department covering Texas on May 26, 1865.

===Early history===
==== The Civil War and celebrations of emancipation ====
{{further|Slave states and free states|History of slavery in the United States by state|End of slavery in the United States|Emancipation Day#United States}}

During the American Civil War (1861–1865), emancipation came at different times in different parts of the [[Southern United States]]. Large celebrations of emancipation, often called [[Jubilee]]s (recalling the biblical [[Jubilee (biblical)|Jubilee]], in which enslaved people were freed), took place on September&nbsp;22, January&nbsp;1, July&nbsp;4, August&nbsp;1, April&nbsp;6, and November&nbsp;1, among other dates. When emancipation finally came to [[Texas]], on June 19, 1865, as the southern rebellion collapsed, celebration was widespread.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 18, 2020|title=Juneteenth and the Emancipation Proclamation|url=https://daily.jstor.org/juneteenth-and-the-emancipation-proclamation/|website=JSTOR Daily|language=en-US|access-date=May 4, 2021|archive-date=May 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505001848/https://daily.jstor.org/juneteenth-and-the-emancipation-proclamation/|url-status=live}}</ref> While that date did not actually mark the unequivocal end of slavery, even in Texas, June 19 came to be a day of shared commemoration across the United States{{spaced ndash}}created, preserved, and spread by ordinary African Americans{{spaced ndash}}of slavery's wartime demise.<ref name="gates"/>

==== End of slavery in Texas ====
{{Further|Emancipation Proclamation}}

Lincoln issued the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation in the midst of the Civil War on September 22, 1862, declaring that if the rebels did not end the fighting and rejoin the Union, all enslaved people in the Confederacy would be freed on the first day of the year.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|title=Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, 1862|url=https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals_iv/sections/preliminary_emancipation_proclamation.html|access-date=June 3, 2020|website=The National Archives|archive-date=June 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610202334/https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals_iv/sections/preliminary_emancipation_proclamation.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On January 1, 1863, Lincoln issued the final Emancipation Proclamation, declaring that all enslaved people in the Confederate States of America in rebellion and not in Union hands were freed.<ref name=":10" />{{efn|name="war powers"|Enslaved people in Union hands had not been freed by the Emancipation Proclamation due to the limited scope of presidential "war powers". See [[Emancipation Proclamation#Coverage]] for more information.}}

Planters and other slaveholders from eastern states had migrated into Texas to escape the fighting, and many brought enslaved people with them, increasing by the thousands the enslaved population in the state at the end of the Civil War.<ref name="gates"/> Although most lived in rural areas, more than 1,000 resided in [[Galveston, Texas|Galveston]] or [[Houston, Texas|Houston]] by 1860, with several hundred in other large towns.<ref name=barr24>Barr (1996), p. 24.</ref> By 1865, there were an estimated 250,000 enslaved people in Texas.<ref name="gates"/><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Garrett-Scott|first=Shennette|date=2013|title="When Peace Come": Teaching the Significance of Juneteenth|journal=Black History Bulletin|volume=76|issue=2|pages=19–25|doi=10.1353/bhb.2013.0015 |jstor=24759690|s2cid=245657706 }}</ref>

Despite the surrender of Confederate General-in-Chief [[Robert E. Lee]] at [[Battle of Appomattox Court House|Appomattox Court House]] on April&nbsp;9, 1865, the western Confederate [[Army of the Trans-Mississippi]] did not formally surrender until June 2.<ref name="gates"/> On the morning of June&nbsp;19, 1865, [[Union Army|Union]] Major General [[Gordon Granger]] arrived on the island of Galveston<ref name="auto1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JFI3AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA929|title=Serial set (no. 3100-3500)|date=July 20, 1896}}</ref> to take command of the more than 2,000 federal troops recently landed in the department of Texas to enforce the emancipation of its enslaved population and oversee [[Reconstruction Era|Reconstruction]], nullifying all laws passed within Texas during the war by Confederate lawmakers.<ref name="auto1" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/06/18/juneteenth-holiday-history-slavery-george-floyd/|title=Juneteenth celebrates 'a moment of indescribable joy': Slavery's end in Texas|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|first=DeNeen L.|last=Brown|date=June 19, 2020|access-date=June 29, 2020|archive-date=June 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628161327/https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/06/18/juneteenth-holiday-history-slavery-george-floyd/|url-status=live}}</ref> The order informed all Texans that, in accordance with a Proclamation from the Executive of the United States, all enslaved people were free:

{{Blockquote|The people of Texas are informed that, in accordance with a proclamation from the Executive of the United States, all slaves are free. This involves an absolute equality of personal rights and rights of property between former masters and slaves, and the connection heretofore existing between them becomes that between employer and hired labor. The freedmen are advised to remain quietly at their present homes and work for wages. They are informed that they will not be allowed to collect at military posts and that they will not be supported in idleness either there or elsewhere.<ref name = "TXJ19"/>|sign=|source=}}

Longstanding urban legend places a historic reading of General Order No.&nbsp;3 at [[Ashton Villa]]; but no historical evidence supports this claim.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Ed |last=Cotham |url=https://www.galvnews.com/opinion/guest_columns/article_73af8892-f75d-11e3-8626-001a4bcf6878.html |title=Juneteenth: Four myths and one great truth |newspaper=[[The Daily News (Texas)|The Daily News]] |date=June 18, 2014 |access-date=June 29, 2020 |archive-date=June 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628042023/https://www.galvnews.com/opinion/guest_columns/article_73af8892-f75d-11e3-8626-001a4bcf6878.html |url-status=live }}</ref> There is no evidence that Granger or any of his troops ''proclaimed'' the Ordinance by reading it aloud. All indications are that copies of the Ordinance were posted in public places, including the Negro Church on Broadway, since renamed [[Reedy Chapel A.M.E. Church]].<ref name="Burnett2020">{{cite web |last1=Burnett |first1=John |title=Four enduring myths about Juneteenth are not based on facts |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/06/20/1105945119/four-enduring-myths-about-juneteenth-are-not-based-on-facts |access-date=June 21, 2022 |website=[[NPR]] |date=June 20, 2022 |archive-date=June 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621030938/https://www.npr.org/2022/06/20/1105945119/four-enduring-myths-about-juneteenth-are-not-based-on-facts |url-status=live }}</ref>

On June&nbsp;21, 2014, the Galveston Historical Foundation and [[Texas Historical Commission]] erected a Juneteenth plaque where the Osterman Building once stood signifying the location of Major General Granger's Union Headquarters believed to be where he issued his general orders.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Harvey|last=Rice|url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Galveston-unveils-long-awaited-Juneteenth-marker-5569640.php|title=Galveston unveils long-awaited Juneteenth marker|date=June 22, 2014|newspaper=[[Houston Chronicle]]|access-date=June 29, 2020|archive-date=June 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629050045/https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Galveston-unveils-long-awaited-Juneteenth-marker-5569640.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

Although this event commemorates the end of slavery, emancipation for the remaining enslaved in two Union [[Border states (American Civil War)|border states]], Delaware and Kentucky, would not come until December&nbsp;6, 1865, when the Thirteenth Amendment was ratified;{{sfn|Wynn|2009|p=}}{{efn|name="war powers"}}{{efn|name="Kentucky"|Unlike in Texas, where slavery grew during the war, in Kentucky, due largely to Union military measures and escapes to Union lines, the number of those enslaved fell by over 70%.<ref name=Harrison>{{Cite journal |last=Harrison |first=Lowell H. |date=Fall 1983 |title=Slavery in Kentucky: A Civil War Casualty |journal=The Kentucky Review |publisher=[[University of Kentucky]] |location=Lexington, Kentucky |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=38–40}}</ref>}} furthermore, thousands of black slaves were not freed until after the [[Reconstruction Treaties]] of late 1866, when tribes such as the Cherokee, Creek, Chickasaw, and others were forced to sign new treaties that required them to free their slaves.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Donald A. Grinde, Jr. |author2=Quintard Taylor |author1-link=Donald A. Grinde Jr. |author2-link=Quintard Taylor |title=Red vs Black: Conflict and Accommodation in the Post Civil War Indian Territory, 1865–1907 |journal=[[American Indian Quarterly]] |date=Summer 1984 |volume=8 |issue=3 |page=212 |doi=10.2307/1183929 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1183929 |access-date=February 23, 2024 |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] |jstor=1183929 |language=en |issn=0095-182X |oclc=499289594 |quote=New treaties negotiated in 1866 abolished slavery […]  The most significant accomplishment of the treaties was the liberation of 7,000 black slaves |archive-date=February 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216061123/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1183929 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The freedom of formerly enslaved people in Texas was given state law status in a series of [[Texas Supreme Court]] decisions between 1868 and 1874.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Campbell |first1=Randolph |date=1984 |title=The End of Slavery in Texas: A Research Note |journal=Southwestern Historical Quarterly |publisher=[[Texas State Historical Association]] |location=Austin, Texas|volume=88 |issue=1 |pages=71–80 |jstor=30239840}}</ref>

<gallery widths="180px" heights="200px">
File:Gordon Granger - Brady-Handy.jpg|Major General [[Gordon Granger]] issued General Order No. 3 formally informing Texas residents that slavery had ended.
File:General order No. 3 of June 19, 1865.jpg|[[General Order No. 3]], June 19, 1865
</gallery>

==== Early Juneteenth celebrations ====
Formerly enslaved people in Galveston rejoiced after General Order No. 3.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |date=June 27, 1974 |title=It Happened: June 19. |newspaper=Milwaukee Star |volume=14 |number=42 |url=http://www.infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/readex/doc?p=EANX&docref=image/v2%3A12A7AE31A7B3CA6B%40EANX-12C56130F92C6210%402442226-12C5613126726070%404-12C561320D6419C0%40It%2BHappened%2B%253A%2BJune%2B19 |access-date=May 5, 2020 |archive-date=June 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620230423/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/readex/user/login?destination=doc%3Fp%3DEANX&docref=image%2Fv2%3A12A7AE31A7B3CA6B%40EANX-12C56130F92C6210%402442226-12C5613126726070%404-12C561320D6419C0%40It%20Happened%20%3A%20June%2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> One year later, on June&nbsp;19, 1866, [[Freedman|freedmen]] in Texas organized the first of what became annual commemorations of "Jubilee Day".<ref name="TXJ19" /> Early celebrations were used as political rallies to give voting instructions to newly freed African Americans.<ref name=":5">{{cite news|date=June 13, 1976|title=Juneteenth Adds Continuity to Black Tradition|pages=100|work=Fort Worth Star-Telegram|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/49828863/fort-worth-star-telegram/|access-date=June 4, 2020|via=[[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}}|archive-date=June 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604184251/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/49828863/fort-worth-star-telegram/|url-status=live}}</ref> Other independence observances occurred on January&nbsp;1 or&nbsp;4.{{sfn|Wilson|2006|p=239}}

In some cities, Black people were barred from using public parks because of state-sponsored [[Racial segregation in the United States|segregation]] of facilities. Across parts of Texas, freed people pooled their funds to purchase land to hold their celebrations.<ref name="gates" /><ref name="TXJ19">{{cite web |url=http://www.tsl.state.tx.us/ref/abouttx/juneteenth.html |title=Juneteenth |website=Texas State Library and Archives Commission |access-date=July 6, 2006 |archive-date=July 18, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060718135927/http://www.tsl.state.tx.us/ref/abouttx/juneteenth.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The day was first celebrated in Austin in 1867 under the auspices of the [[Freedmen's Bureau]], and it had been listed on a "calendar of public events" by 1872.{{sfn|Wynn|2009|p=}} That year, Black leaders in Texas raised $1,000 for the purchase of {{Convert|10|acres|ha|abbr=|0}} of land, today known as Houston's [[Emancipation Park (Houston)|Emancipation Park]], to celebrate Juneteenth.{{sfn|Mustakeem|2007|p=}}

The observation was soon drawing thousands of attendees across Texas. In [[Limestone County, Texas|Limestone County]], an estimated 30,000 Black people celebrated at Booker T. Washington Park, established in 1898 for Juneteenth celebrations.{{sfn|Wynn|2009|p=}}{{sfn|Knight|2011|p=}} The Black community began using the word ''Juneteenth'' for Jubilee Day early in the 1890s.<ref name=":1" /> The word ''Juneteenth'' appeared in print in the ''[[Brenham Banner-Press|Brenham Weekly Banner]]'', a white newspaper from [[Brenham, Texas]], as early as 1891.<ref>{{cite news |title=The emancipation celebration |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/brenham-weekly-banner/21078844/ |access-date=19 June 2024 |work=[[Brenham Banner-Press|Brenham Weekly Banner]] |date=25 June 1891 |page=7 |quote=There was not so many colored people in the city as usual on Saturday evening, all of them, very near, being out at the 'Juneteenth siliibration.' |archive-date=June 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619020639/https://www.newspapers.com/article/brenham-weekly-banner/21078844/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Mentions of Juneteenth celebrations outside of Texas appeared as early as 1909 in [[Shreveport, Louisiana]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Article clipped from The Times (Shreveport, Louisiana) |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times-juneteenth-shreveport-la-1909/79844884/ |access-date=19 June 2024 |work=[[Shreveport Times|The Times]] |date=20 June 1909 |page=18 |quote=The entire colored population of the city is taking a holiday today, observing 'Juneteenth,' as they call it. |archive-date=June 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619020638/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times-juneteenth-shreveport-la-1909/79844884/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Decline of celebrations during the Jim Crow era====
In the early 20th century, economic and political forces led to a decline in Juneteenth celebrations. From 1890 to 1908, Texas and all former Confederate states passed new constitutions or amendments that effectively [[Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era|disenfranchised Black people]], excluding them from the political process. White-dominated state legislatures passed [[Jim Crow laws]] imposing second-class status.<ref name=":2">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nFTlBHBFYvEC&pg=PA15 |title=Way Up North in Louisville: African American Migration in the Urban South, 1930–1970 |last=Adams |first=Luther |year=2010 |publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]] |location=Chapel Hill, North Carolina |isbn=978-0807899434}}</ref> Gladys L. Knight writes the decline in celebration was in part because "upwardly mobile blacks ... were ashamed of their slave past and aspired to [[Cultural assimilation|assimilate]] into mainstream culture. Younger generations of blacks, becoming further removed from slavery were occupied with school ... and other pursuits." Others who migrated to the [[Northern United States]] could not take time off or simply dropped the celebration.{{sfn|Knight|2011|p=}}

The [[Great Depression]] forced many Black people off farms and into the cities to find work, where they had difficulty taking the day off to celebrate. From 1936 to 1951, the [[Texas State Fair]] served as a destination for celebrating the holiday, contributing to its revival. In 1936, an estimated 150,000 to 200,000 people joined the holiday's celebration in Dallas. In 1938, Governor of Texas [[James Burr V Allred|James Allred]] issued a proclamation stating in part:<ref name=":4">{{cite book |last=Wiggins |first=William H. Jr. |editor1-first=Francis Edward |editor1-last=Abernethy |editor2-first=Alan B. |editor2-last=Govenar |editor3-first=Patrick B. |editor3-last=Mullen |title=Juneteenth Texas |publisher=[[University of North Texas Press]] |location=Denton, Texas|pages=237–254 |chapter=Juneteenth: A Red Spot Day on the Texas Calendar |isbn=1574410180|date=1987}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=Whereas, the Negroes in the State of Texas observe June&nbsp;19 as the official day for the celebration of Emancipation from slavery; and

Whereas, June&nbsp;19, 1865, was the date when General [Gordon] Granger, who had command of the Military District of Texas, issued a proclamation notifying the Negroes of Texas that they were free; and

Whereas, since that time, Texas Negroes have observed this day with suitable holiday ceremony, except during such years when the day comes on a Sunday; when the Governor of the State is asked to proclaim the following day as the holiday for State observance by Negroes; and

Whereas, June&nbsp;19, 1938, this year falls on Sunday;
NOW, THEREFORE, I, JAMES V. ALLRED, Governor of the State of Texas, do set aside and proclaim the day of June&nbsp;20, 1938, as the date for observance of
EMANCIPATION DAY
in Texas, and do urge all members of the Negro race in Texas to observe the day in a manner appropriate to its importance to them.|author=|title=|source=}}

Seventy thousand people attended a "Juneteenth Jamboree" in 1951.<ref name=":4" /> From 1940 through 1970, in the second wave of the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]], more than five million Black people left Texas, Louisiana and other parts of the South for the North and the West Coast. As historian [[Isabel Wilkerson]] writes, "The people from Texas took Juneteenth Day to Los Angeles, [[Oakland]], [[Seattle]], and other places they went."<ref>{{cite book |first=Isabel |last=Wilkerson |authorlink=Isabel Wilkerson |title=The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America's Great Migration |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y03WKII5m7QC |location=New York City |publisher=[[Random House]] |date=2010 |isbn=9780679604075}}</ref> In 1945, Juneteenth was introduced in San Francisco by a migrant from Texas, Wesley Johnson.<ref name=":7">{{cite journal|first=Emily|last=Blanck|title=Galveston on San Francisco Bay: Juneteenth in the Fillmore District, 1945–2016|journal=[[Western Historical Quarterly]]|publisher=[[Utah State University]]|location=Logan, Utah|volume=50|issue=2|date=March 2019|pages=85–112|doi=10.1093/whq/whz003}}</ref>

During the 1950s and 1960s, the [[Civil Rights Movement]] focused the attention of African Americans on expanding freedom and integrating. As a result, observations of the holiday declined again, though it was still celebrated in Texas.<ref name=":5" />{{sfn|Wilson|2006|p=239}}

<gallery widths="200px" heights="160px">
File:Emancipation Day Celebration band, June 19, 1900.png|Band performing in Texas for Emancipation Day, 1900
File:Emancipation Day celebration - 1900-06-19.jpg|Celebration of Emancipation Day in 1900, Texas
File:Emancipation Day in Richmond, Virginia, 1905.jpg|Emancipation Day celebration in [[Richmond, Virginia]], 1905
</gallery>

===Revival of celebrations===
====1960s–1980s====
[[File:Juneteenth Celebration program, 1980 (49998870952).jpg|thumb|right|Flyer for a 1980 Juneteenth celebration at the [[Seattle Center]]]]

Juneteenth soon saw a revival as Black people began tying their struggle to that of ending slavery. In [[Atlanta]], some campaigners for equality wore Juneteenth buttons. During the 1968 [[Poor People's Campaign]] to [[Washington, DC]], called by Rev. [[Ralph Abernathy]], the [[Southern Christian Leadership Conference]] made June 19 the "Solidarity Day of the Poor People's Campaign".{{sfn|Wynn|2009|p=}}<ref name=":7"/> In the subsequent revival, large celebrations in [[Minneapolis]] and [[Milwaukee]] emerged,{{Sfn|Jaynes|2005|p=}} as well as across the Eastern United States.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Wiggins |first=William H. |date=June–July 1993|title=Juneteenth: tracking the progress of an emancipation celebration |journal=American Visions |volume=8 |issue=3}}</ref>

In 1974, Houston began holding large-scale celebrations again,<ref name=":1"/> and [[Fort Worth, Texas]], followed the next year. Around 30,000 people attended festivities at Sycamore Park in Fort Worth the following year.<ref name=":5"/> The 1978 Milwaukee celebration was described as drawing over 100,000 attendees.<ref name=":9"/> In 1979, the Texas Legislature made the occasion a state holiday.<ref name=AARP>Hochman, David (June/July 2022). "The History of Juneteenth". ''[[AARP: The Magazine]]''. p. 70.</ref> In the late 1980s, there were major celebrations of Juneteenth in California, Wisconsin, Illinois, Georgia, and Washington, D.C.<ref name=":1"/>

====Prayer breakfast and commemorative celebrations====
[[File:Al Edwards Statue.jpg|thumb|upright|Al Edwards statue]]
In 1979, Democratic State Representative [[Al Edwards (politician)|Al Edwards]] of Houston successfully sponsored legislation to make Juneteenth a paid Texas state holiday. The same year, he hosted the inaugural Al Edwards prayer breakfast and commemorative celebration on the grounds of the 1859 home, Ashton Villa. As one of the few existing buildings from the Civil War era and popular in local myth and legend as the location of Major General Granger's order, Edwards's annual celebration includes a local historian dressed as the Union general<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.galvnews.com/news/image_151ef2ae-1e20-52d4-bd52-2ed494ebe562.html|title=Juneteenth celebrated in Galveston|first=Jennifer|last=Reynolds|website=[[The Daily News (Texas)|The Daily News]]|date=June 19, 2020|access-date=June 29, 2020|archive-date=June 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630160240/https://www.galvnews.com/news/image_151ef2ae-1e20-52d4-bd52-2ed494ebe562.html|url-status=live}}</ref> reading General Order No.&nbsp;3 from the second-story balcony of the home. The Emancipation Proclamation is also read and speeches are made.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chron.com/neighborhood/baytown-news/article/Galveston-to-receive-Juneteenth-statue-1865656.php|title=Galveston to receive Juneteenth statue|first1=Thayer|last1=Evans|date=June 15, 2006|newspaper=[[Houston Chronicle]]|access-date=June 29, 2020|archive-date=June 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629023317/https://www.chron.com/neighborhood/baytown-news/article/Galveston-to-receive-Juneteenth-statue-1865656.php|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/texas/article/Houston-legislator-recalls-fight-for-Juneteenth-6336573.php|title=Houston legislator recalls fight for Juneteenth holiday|first=Harvey|last=Rice|date=June 19, 2015|newspaper=[[Houston Chronicle]]|access-date=June 29, 2020|archive-date=June 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616123425/https://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/texas/article/Houston-legislator-recalls-fight-for-Juneteenth-6336573.php|url-status=live}}</ref> Representative Al Edwards died of natural causes April&nbsp;29, 2020, at the age of 83,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Al-Edwards-former-state-rep-behind-bill-that-15234850.php|title=Al Edwards, former state rep behind bill that created Juneteenth, dies at 83|first=Jasper|last=Scherer|date=April 29, 2020|newspaper=[[Houston Chronicle]]|access-date=June 29, 2020|archive-date=April 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430150010/https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Al-Edwards-former-state-rep-behind-bill-that-15234850.php|url-status=live}}</ref> but the annual prayer breakfast and commemorative celebration continued at Ashton Villa, with the late legislator's son Jason Edwards speaking in his father's place.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.galvnews.com/news/free/article_fa956b38-1302-50f5-8bd3-b5397bde61e6.html|title=Galveston County Juneteenth events give voice to history, even amid pandemic|first=Matt|last=DeGrood|newspaper=[[The Daily News (Texas)|The Daily News]]|date=June 19, 2020|access-date=June 29, 2020|archive-date=June 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630195742/https://www.galvnews.com/news/free/article_fa956b38-1302-50f5-8bd3-b5397bde61e6.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|first=John Wayne|last=Ferguson|url=https://www.galvnews.com/news/article_d8eab972-052d-5be2-a385-70b3c5b97918.html|title=After crises and loss, Juneteenth in Galveston 'feels different'|newspaper=[[The Daily News (Texas)|The Daily News]]|date=June 19, 2020|access-date=June 29, 2020|archive-date=June 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630061107/https://www.galvnews.com/news/article_d8eab972-052d-5be2-a385-70b3c5b97918.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Official statewide recognitions ====
In the late 1970s, when the [[Texas Legislature]] declared Juneteenth a "holiday of significance ... particularly to the blacks of Texas,"{{sfn|Wilson|2006|p=239}} it became the first state to establish Juneteenth as a state holiday.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.texasmonthly.com/story/independence-day/page/0/1 |first=Anne |last=Dingus |title=Once a Texas-only holiday marking the end of slavery, Juneteenth is now celebrated nationwide with high spirits and hot barbecue |date=June 2001 |website=[[Texas Monthly]] |access-date=October 11, 2013 |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714094154/http://www.texasmonthly.com/story/independence-day/page/0/1 |url-status=live }}</ref> The bill passed through the Texas Legislature in 1979 and was officially made a state holiday on January&nbsp;1, 1980. Before 2000, three more [[U.S. states]] officially observed the day, and over the next two decades it was recognized as an official observance in all states, except [[South Dakota]], until becoming a federal holiday.<ref name="crs">{{Cite report |url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R44865/26 |title=Juneteenth: Fact Sheet (CRS Report R44865) |author=Smith |first=Erin M. |date=July 1, 2022 |publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]] |access-date=July 18, 2022 |version=Version 26}}</ref>

==== Juneteenth in pop culture and the mass media ====
Since the 1980s and 1990s, the holiday has been more widely celebrated among African-American communities and has seen increasing mainstream attention in the US.{{sfn|Knight|2011|p=}}<ref name=":3" /> In 1991, there was an exhibition by the [[Anacostia Community Museum]] (part of the [[Smithsonian Institution]]) called "Juneteenth '91, Freedom Revisited",{{sfn|Jaynes|2005|p=}} In 1994, a group of community leaders gathered at Christian Unity Baptist Church in [[New Orleans]] to work for greater national celebration of Juneteenth.{{sfn|Knight|2011|p=}}<ref name=":3">{{cite web|last=Chandler|first=D.L.|date=June 19, 2012|title=Juneteenth: Celebrating The Early Moments Of Freedom Today|url=http://newsone.com/2021601/juneteenth-history|website=News One (Pakistani TV channel)|access-date=June 19, 2014|archive-date=July 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718091326/https://newsone.com/2021601/juneteenth-history/|url-status=live}}</ref> Expatriates have celebrated it in cities abroad, such as Paris.<ref name="moskin2004">{{cite news|last=Moskin|first=Julie|date=June 18, 2004|title=Late to Freedom's Party, Texans Spread Word of Black Holiday|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/18/national/18june.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=April 28, 2011|archive-date=June 24, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624083153/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/18/national/18june.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Some US military bases in other countries sponsor celebrations, in addition to those of private groups.<ref name="moskin2004" /><ref name="jtcom02">{{cite web |title=The World Celebrates Freedom |url=http://www.juneteenth.com/international.htm |access-date=June 19, 2006 |website=Juneteenth.com |archive-date=December 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217032727/http://juneteenth.com/international.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1999, [[Ralph Ellison]]'s novel ''[[Juneteenth (novel)|Juneteenth]]'' was published, increasing recognition of the holiday.{{sfn|Guzzio|1999|p=}} By 2006, at least 200 cities celebrated the day.{{sfn|Jaynes|2005|p=}}

In 1997, activist [[Ben Haith]] created the [[Juneteenth flag]], which was further refined by illustrator Lisa Jeanne Graf. In 2000, the flag was first hoisted at the [[Roxbury Heritage State Park]] in Boston by Haith. The star at the center represents Texas and the extension of freedom for all African Americans throughout the whole nation. The burst around the star represents a [[nova]] and the red curve represents a [[horizon]], standing for a new era for African Americans. The red, white, and blue colors represent the American flag, which shows that African Americans and their enslaved ancestors are Americans, and the national belief in liberty and justice for all citizens.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gagosz|first=Alexa|date=June 16, 2021|title=What does the Juneteenth Flag mean?|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/06/16/metro/what-does-juneteenth-flag-mean/|newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]|access-date=June 17, 2021|archive-date=June 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616221232/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/06/16/metro/what-does-juneteenth-flag-mean/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Kaur|first1=Harmeet|last2=Mullery|first2=Will|date=June 19, 2020|title=The Juneteenth flag is full of symbols. Here's what they mean|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/19/us/freedom-day-juneteenth-flag-meaning-trnd/index.html|website=[[CNN]]|access-date=June 17, 2021|archive-date=May 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520180811/https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/19/us/freedom-day-juneteenth-flag-meaning-trnd/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The holiday gained mainstream awareness outside African-American communities through depictions in media, such as episodes of TV series ''[[Atlanta (TV series)#ep9|Atlanta]]'' (2016)<ref>{{cite news|last=Ho|first=Rodney|date=October 25, 2016|title=FX's 'Atlanta' recap ('Juneteenth'): season 1, episode 9|url=https://www.ajc.com/blog/radiotvtalk/atlanta-recap-juneteenth-season-episode/tM9R8tdDj9LKUIch1YVbPJ/|newspaper=[[Atlanta Journal-Constitution]]|access-date=June 18, 2018|archive-date=June 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618230554/https://www.ajc.com/blog/radiotvtalk/atlanta-recap-juneteenth-season-episode/tM9R8tdDj9LKUIch1YVbPJ/|url-status=live}}</ref> and ''[[Black-ish (season 4)#Episodes|Black-ish]]'' (2017),<ref>{{cite web|last=Framke|first=Caroline|date=October 4, 2017|title=Black-ish's musical episode about Juneteenth is a pointed lesson on American ignorance|url=https://www.vox.com/fall-tv/2017/10/4/16418774/blackish-juneteenth-episode-season-3-premiere-recap|website=Vox|access-date=June 18, 2018|archive-date=June 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618230233/https://www.vox.com/fall-tv/2017/10/4/16418774/blackish-juneteenth-episode-season-3-premiere-recap|url-status=live}}</ref> the latter of which featured musical numbers about the holiday by [[Aloe Blacc]], [[The Roots]],<ref>{{cite web|author=ABC News|date=October 4, 2017|title=I Am A Slave|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=68&v=M_FP7x322cc|via=YouTube|access-date=June 18, 2018|archive-date=September 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927195951/https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=68&v=M_FP7x322cc|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Fonzworth Bentley]].<ref>{{cite web|author=ABC|date=October 9, 2017|title=We Built This|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MzaUTbnh_CQ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/MzaUTbnh_CQ| archive-date=December 11, 2021 |url-status=live|via=YouTube|access-date=June 18, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Butler|first=Berhonie|date=October 4, 2017|title='Blackish' gives a powerful history lesson – with nods to 'Hamilton' and 'Schoolhouse Rock'|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2017/10/04/blackish-gives-a-powerful-history-lesson-with-nods-to-hamilton-and-schoolhouse-rock/|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=June 18, 2018|archive-date=July 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718144629/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2017/10/04/blackish-gives-a-powerful-history-lesson-with-nods-to-hamilton-and-schoolhouse-rock/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] added Juneteenth to its calendars in [[iOS]] under official U.S. holidays.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ciaccia|first=Chris|date=February 16, 2018|title=Apple's iCal calendar mysteriously deletes Easter|url=https://www.foxnews.com/tech/apples-ical-calendar-mysteriously-deletes-easter|publisher=[[Fox News]]|access-date=February 16, 2018|archive-date=February 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216165535/http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2018/02/16/apples-ical-calendar-mysteriously-deletes-easter.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Some private companies have adopted Juneteenth as a paid day off for employees, while others have officially marked the day in other ways, such as a [[moment of silence]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Dzhanova|first=Yelena|date=June 19, 2020|title=Here's a running list of all the big companies observing Juneteenth this year|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/17/here-are-the-companies-observing-juneteenth-this-year.html|publisher=[[CNBC]]|access-date=June 18, 2021|archive-date=June 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618201743/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/17/here-are-the-companies-observing-juneteenth-this-year.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Duffy|first=Clare|date=June 18, 2020|title=A growing number of companies are giving employees the day off to celebrate Juneteenth|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/18/business/companies-observing-juneteenth/index.html|publisher=[[CNN Business]]|access-date=June 18, 2021|archive-date=June 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628014529/https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/18/business/companies-observing-juneteenth/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2020, several American corporations and educational institutions, including [[Twitter]], the [[National Football League]], [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]], began treating Juneteenth as a company holiday, providing a paid day off to their workers,<ref>{{cite web|last=Brooks|first=Kristopher J.|date=June 19, 2020|title=Starting the trend for making Juneteenth a company holiday|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/juneteenth-holiday-company-trend-paid-time-off/|website=[[CBS News]]|access-date=June 18, 2021|archive-date=June 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618004319/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/juneteenth-holiday-company-trend-paid-time-off/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Google Calendar]] added Juneteenth to its U.S. Holidays calendar.<ref>{{cite web|last=Vonau|first=Manuel|date=June 16, 2020|title=Google makes Juneteenth an official Google Calendar holiday|url=https://www.androidpolice.com/2020/06/16/google-makes-juneteenth-an-official-google-calendar-holiday/|website=Android Police|access-date=June 16, 2020|archive-date=June 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616183553/https://www.androidpolice.com/2020/06/16/google-makes-juneteenth-an-official-google-calendar-holiday/|url-status=live}}</ref> Also in 2020, a number of major universities formally recognized Juneteenth,<ref>{{cite web|last=Anderson|first=Greta|date=June 19, 2020|title=Growing Recognition of Juneteenth|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/06/19/colleges-acknowledge-juneteenth-holiday|website=Inside Higher Ed|access-date=June 18, 2021|archive-date=June 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618005122/https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/06/19/colleges-acknowledge-juneteenth-holiday|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=LyCNN>{{cite web|last=Ly|first=Laura|date=June 20, 2020|title=Amid nationwide rallies and celebrations, more cities, states and universities designate Juneteenth as an official holiday|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/20/us/juneteenth-official-holiday-nation/index.html|website=cnn.com|publisher=CNN|access-date=June 18, 2021|archive-date=July 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705131847/https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/20/us/juneteenth-official-holiday-nation/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> either as a "day of reflection" or as a university holiday with paid time off for faculty and staff.<ref name=LyCNN />

The 2020 mother-daughter film on the holiday's pageant culture, ''[[Miss Juneteenth]]'', celebrates African-American women who are "determined to stand on their own," while a resourceful mother is "getting past a sexist tendency in her community to keep women in their place."<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Travers|first=Peter|date=June 17, 2020|title='Miss Juneteenth' Review: A Beauty Pageant, in the Eye of the Beholder|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/movie-reviews/miss-juneteenth-movie-review-1014952/|access-date=July 18, 2021|magazine=Rolling Stone|language=en-US|archive-date=July 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718192333/https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/movie-reviews/miss-juneteenth-movie-review-1014952/|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Becoming a federal holiday====
[[File:President Biden signs Juneteenth National Independence Day into law.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.5|President Joe Biden signed the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act into law, June 17, 2021. [[Opal Lee]] is third from left.]]
In 1996, the first federal legislation to recognize "Juneteenth Independence Day" was introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives, H.J.&nbsp;Res.&nbsp;195, sponsored by [[Barbara-Rose Collins]] (D-MI). In 1997, Congress recognized the day through Senate Joint Resolution&nbsp;11 and House Joint Resolution&nbsp;56. In 2013, the U.S. Senate passed Senate Resolution&nbsp;175, acknowledging Lula Briggs Galloway (late president of the National Association of Juneteenth Lineage), who "successfully worked to bring national recognition to Juneteenth Independence Day", and the continued leadership of the National Juneteenth Observance Foundation.<ref name="sr175">{{cite web |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/senate-resolution/175/text |title=S.Res.175 – A resolution observing Juneteenth Independence Day, June 19, 1865, the day on which slavery finally came to an end in the United States |website=United States Congress |date=June 19, 2013 |access-date=June 19, 2015 |archive-date=July 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718091356/https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/senate-resolution/175/text |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the 2000s and 2010s, activists continued a long process to push Congress towards official recognition of Juneteenth.<ref>{{cite journal|first=E.H.|last=Turner|title=Juneteenth: The Evolution of an Emancipation Celebration|journal=European Contributions to American Studies|volume=65|date=2006|pages=69–81}}</ref> Organizations such as the National Juneteenth Observance Foundation sought a Congressional designation of Juneteenth as a national day of observance.<ref name="gates"/> By 2016, 45 states were recognizing the occasion.<ref name=AARP/> Activist [[Opal Lee]], often referred to as the "grandmother of Juneteenth",<ref name=AARP2022>{{cite magazine |magazine=[[AARP Magazine]] |title=The Grandmother of Juneteenth |issue=June/July 2022 |page=21 |author=David Hochman}}</ref> campaigned for decades to make Juneteenth a federal holiday, leading walks in many states to promote the idea.<ref name = NPR>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/06/17/1007498876/how-juneteenth-became-national-holiday|title=One Woman's Decades-Long Fight To Make Juneteenth A U.S. Holiday|last=Romo|first=Vanessa|date=June 17, 2021|work=NPR|access-date=June 19, 2023|archive-date=April 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418131036/https://www.npr.org/2021/06/17/1007498876/how-juneteenth-became-national-holiday|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016–17 at the age of 89, she led a symbolic walk from Fort Worth, Texas to Washington D.C. to advocate for the federal holiday.<ref name=AARP/><ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Jackson|first=Angelique|date=June 17, 2021|title=Why 94-Year-Old Activist Opal Lee Marched to Make Juneteenth a National Holiday|magazine=Variety|url=https://variety.com/2021/politics/features/activist-opal-lee-juneteenth-holiday-1234998507|access-date=June 18, 2021|archive-date=June 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617233620/https://variety.com/2021/politics/features/activist-opal-lee-juneteenth-holiday-1234998507/|url-status=live}}</ref> When it was officially made a federal holiday on June 17, 2021, she was standing beside President [[Joe Biden]] as he signed the bill.<ref name = NPR/>

Juneteenth became one of five date-specific federal holidays along with New Year's Day (January&nbsp;1), Independence Day (July&nbsp;4), Veterans Day (November&nbsp;11), and Christmas Day (December&nbsp;25). Juneteenth is the first new federal holiday since [[Martin Luther King Jr. Day]] was declared a holiday in 1986.<ref>{{cite web |title=Juneteenth: US to add federal holiday marking end of slavery |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-57493282 |access-date=June 17, 2021 |work=BBC News |date=June 17, 2021 |archive-date=June 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616032005/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-57493282 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite news |last1=Broadwater |first1=Luke |title=Bill to Make Juneteenth a Federal Holiday Heads to Biden's Desk |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/06/16/us/politics-news |access-date=June 17, 2021 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=June 16, 2021 |archive-date=June 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617135314/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/06/16/us/politics-news |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=BlackInd>{{cite web |title=Biden signs into law bill establishing Juneteenth as federal holiday |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/biden-signs-law-bill-establishing-juneteenth-federal-holiday-n1271213 |access-date=June 17, 2021 |work=NBC News |date=June 17, 2021 |archive-date=June 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618124640/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/biden-signs-law-bill-establishing-juneteenth-federal-holiday-n1271213 |url-status=live }}</ref> Juneteenth also falls within the statutory [[Honor America Days]] period, which lasts for 21 days from [[Flag Day (United States)|Flag Day]] (June 14) to [[Independence Day (United States)|Independence Day]] (July 4).