Editing Keypunch (section)

==Hollerith and IBM keypunches, 1890 through 1930s==
[[Image:CTR census machine.JPG|200px|thumb|left|Hollerith's Keyboard ([[pantograph]]) Punch.  This photo is staged; the keyboard layout is for the Farm card (leftmost column is labeled "Kind of Farm") of an Agricultural Census while the paper under the punch shows the layout of the 1890 Population Census card (the actual 1890 census cards had no printing).<ref name=Truesdell>{{cite book |author1-link=Leon E. Truesdell |last = Truesdell |first = Leon E. |title = The Development of Punch Card Tabulation in the Bureau of the Census: 1890-1940 |publisher = US GPO |year = 1965}}</ref>]] [[File:Card puncher - NARA - 513295.jpg|thumb|right|Census worker with Hollerith pantograph punch<ref>(Truesdell, 1965, p.144)</ref>]] [[Herman Hollerith]]'s first device for punching cards from the 1890s was ''...any ordinary ticket punch, cutting a round hole 3/16 of an inch in diameter''.<ref>Truesdell (1965) p.44</ref> Use of such a punch was facilitated by placing the holes to be used near the edges of the card.  Hollerith soon developed a more accurate and simpler to use Keyboard Punch, using a [[pantograph]] to link a punch mechanism to a guide pointer that an operator would place over the appropriate mark in a 12 by 20 matrix to line up a manual punch over the correct hole in one of 20 columns.<ref>This first Hollerith pantograph punch was built for the 1890 census card with 12 rows and 24 columns.  Four columns were punched using a gangpunch and the pantograph punch was built for the remaining 20 columns.  Truesdell(1965)p.44.</ref>

In 1901 Hollerith patented<ref>{{US patent|682197}}</ref> a mechanism where an operator pressed one of 12 keys to punch a hole, with the card automatically advancing to the next column.  This first-generation Type 001 keypunch<ref>{{cite book | last = Fierheller | first = George A. |title = Do Not Fold, Spindle or Mutilate: The 'Hole' Story of Punched Cards |publisher = Stewart Publishing | year = 2006 |isbn = 1-894183-86-X | url =  http://www.gfierheller.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/do_not_fold.pdf|page = 25}} An accessible book of recollections (sometimes with errors), with photographs and descriptions of many unit record machines</ref> used [[Punched card#Formats|45 columns and round holes]]. In 1923 The Tabulating Machine Company introduced the first electric keypunch, the Type 011 Electric Keypunch,<ref>IBM writes history as if everything had always been IBM.  That is not correct, see CTR for correct corporate details. [https://web.archive.org/web/20050117192513/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/history/year_1923.html IBM Archive: 1923]</ref> a similar looking device where each key closed an electrical contact that activated a [[solenoid]] which punched the hole. The [[Punched card#IBM 80-column format and character codes|80 column punched card format]] was introduced in 1928.<ref>{{cite book |title=IBM's Early Computers |last=Bashe |first=Charles J. |author2=Johnson, Lyle R |author3=Palmer, John H. |author4=Pugh, Emerson W. |year=1986 |publisher=MIT |isbn=0-262-02225-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ibmsearlycompute00bash/page/11 11–12] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/ibmsearlycompute00bash/page/11 }}</ref>  Later Hollerith keypunches included the Type 016 Motor-Driven Electric Duplicating Keypunch<ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/computinghistory/016.html Type 016 Motor-Driven Electric Duplicating Keypunch]</ref><ref>Fierheller (2006) p.25</ref> (1929), the Type 31 Alphabetical Duplicating Punch<ref name=IBM031>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050124032639/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/attic3/attic3_0151.html Type 31 Alphabetical Duplicating Punch]</ref> (1933), and the Type 32 Alphabetical Printing Punch<ref name=IBM032>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050321191650/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/attic3/attic3_140.html Type 32 Alphabetical Printing Punch]</ref> (1933).

<blockquote>"Alphabetical duplicating keypunches recorded alphabetic information in tabulating cards so that complete words and names, together with numerical data, could be later printed by an alphabetical accounting machine. The Type 31 Alphabetical Duplicating Punch<ref name=IBM031/> was introduced by IBM in 1933, and it automatically ejected one card and fed another in 0.65 second. These machines were equipped with separate alphabetical and numerical keyboards. The alphabetical keyboard was similar to a conventional manual typewriter<ref name=IBM032/> except that the shift, tab, backspace and character keys were eliminated, and a skip, release, stacker and '1' key were provided."&nbsp;&ndash; IBM Archives<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20041217213509/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/reference/faq_0000000011.html IBM Archives: Type 031, 032]</ref></blockquote>