Editing Language and thought (section)

==Scientific hypotheses==
* The '''[[Linguistic relativity|Sapir–Whorf hypothesis]]''' in [[linguistics]] states that the grammatical structure of a mother language influences the way that the world is perceived. The hypothesis has been largely abandoned by linguists, who have found very limited experimental support fot it, at least in its strong form, [[linguistic determinism]]. For instance, a study showing that speakers of languages lacking a [[subjunctive]] mood such as [[Chinese language|Chinese]] experience difficulty with hypothetical problems has been discredited. Another study showed that subjects in memory tests are more likely to remember a given color if their mother language includes a word for that color; however, those findings do not necessarily support the hypothesis specifically. Other studies concerning the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis can be found in the "studies" section below.
* Chomsky's independent theory, founded by [[Noam Chomsky]], considers language as one aspect of cognition. Chomsky's theory states that a number of cognitive systems exist, which seem to possess distinct specific properties. The cognitive systems lay the groundwork for cognitive capacities like language faculty.<ref name=":0" />  
* [[Piaget's cognitive determinism]] exhibits the belief that infants integrate experience into progressively higher-level representations. [[Jean Piaget]] called the belief "[[Constructivism (philosophy of education)|constructivism]]", which supports that infants progress from simple to sophisticated models of the world through a change mechanism that allows an infant to build on their lower-level representations to create higher-level ones. That view opposes nativist theories about cognition being composed of innate knowledge and abilities. 
* Vygotsky's theory on cognitive development, known as Vygotsky's theory of interchanging roles, supports the idea that social and individual development stems from the processes of dialectical interaction and function unification. [[Lev Vygotsky]] believed that before two years of age, both speech and thought develop in differing ways along with differing functions. The idea that relationship between thought and speech is ever-changing supports Vygotsky's claims. His theory claims that thought and speech have different roots. At the age of two, a child's thought and speech collide, and the relationship between thought and speech shifts since thought then becomes verbal, and speech then becomes rational.<ref name=":0" />
* According to the theory behind '''[[cognitive therapy]]''', founded by [[Aaron T. Beck]], emotions and behavior are caused by the [[Inner voice|internal dialogue]]. People can cange themselves by learning to challenge and refute their own thoughts, especially a number of specific mistaken thought patterns called "[[cognitive distortions]]". Cognitive therapy has been found to be effective by [[empirical]] studies.
* In '''[[behavioral economics]]''', according to experiments that are said to support the theoretical [[availability heuristic]], people believe events that are more vividly described are more probable than those that are not. Simple experiments that asked people to imagine something led them to believe it to be more likely. The [[mere exposure effect]] may also be relevant to propagandistic repetition like the [[Big Lie]]. According to [[prospect theory]], people make different economic choices based on how the matter is [[Framing effect (psychology)|framed]].