Editing Language immersion (section)

== Types of learners ==
Types of language immersion can be characterized by the total time students spend in the program and also by the students' age.

Types that are characterized by learning time:
* Total immersion: In total immersion, the language of instruction is the students' L2, meaning that students spent 100% of the school day in their L2. Some students find it difficult to understand more abstract and complex concepts when they are taught only via their L2.<!-- This sentence lacks clarity. -->{{citation needed|date=June 2018}}<!-- Possibly in source cited in third bullet, which is not freely available. Regardless this should probably be changed to "considered more acceptable" or similar -->
* Partial immersion: In partial immersion programs, classtime is shared between the students' L1 and L2. In most cases, it is an even split of time between the languages. Some students prefer this type of language immersion.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nanchen|first=Giliane|date=August 2017|title=Second language performances in elderly bilinguals and individuals with dementia: The role of L2 immersion|journal=Journal of Neurolinguistics|volume=43|pages=49–58|doi=10.1016/j.jneuroling.2016.09.004|s2cid=53194724|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/305092/files/ann_slp.pdf}}</ref>{{not in source|date=July 2023}}<!-- See note on previous {{cn}} -->
* Two-way immersion: This type, which is also called bilingual immersion, is a way to integrate both students of the minority language and students of the majority language into the same classroom with the goal of academic excellence and bilingual proficiency for both student groups. In this type of language immersion, the instructional languages can be two languages, but only one language is used at a time. Students learn languages by the interaction with their peers and teachers. This method of language immersion is popular in America.<ref>Nascimento, F. C. (2017). Benefits of Dual Language Immersion on the Academic Achievement of English Language Learners. International Journal of Literacies, 24(1), 1-15.</ref>
Types that are characterized by age:
* Early immersion: Students start learning their second language at the age of 5 or 6.
* Middle immersion: Students start learning their second language at the age of around 9 or 10.
* Late immersion: Students start learning their second language after the age of 11.<ref name="Cervantes-Soon, C. G. 2014">Cervantes-Soon, C. G. (2014). A Critical Look at Dual Language Immersion in the New Latin@ Diaspora. Bilingual Research Journal, 37(1), 64-82.</ref>

The stages of immersion can also be divided into:
* Early total immersion: education in L2 at 90-100%, usually beginning in kindergarten or on first grade.
* Early partial immersion: education in L2 at 50%, usually beginning in kindergarten or on first grade.
* Middle (or delayed) total immersion: education in L2 at 90%, usually beginning on fourth grade.
* Middle (or delayed) partial immersion: education in L2 at 50%, usually beginning on fourth grade.
* Late total immersion: education in L2 at 80%, usually beginning on sixth or seventh grade.
* Late partial immersion: education in L2 at 50%, usually beginning on sixth or seventh grade.<ref name="Dicks, J. and Lee Kristmanson, P. 2008">Dicks, J. and Lee Kristmanson, P. (2008). [https://cpf.ca/en/files/03_FI_When_and_Why_E.pdf French Immersion: When and Why?] THE STATE OF FRENCH-SECOND-LANGUAGE EDUCATION IN CANADA 2008, p. 1.</ref>