Editing Left ventricular hypertrophy (section)

==Diagnosis==
The commonly used method to diagnose LVH is [[echocardiography]], with which the thickness of the muscle of the heart can be measured.  The [[electrocardiogram]] (ECG) often shows signs of increased voltage from the heart in individuals with LVH, so this is often used as a screening test to determine who should undergo further testing.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

===Echocardiography===
{|class="wikitable" align="right"
|+ Left ventricular hypertrophy grading<br /> by posterior wall thickness<ref name="GolandCzer2008">{{cite journal | vauthors = Goland S, Czer LS, Kass RM, Siegel RJ, Mirocha J, De Robertis MA, Lee J, Raissi S, Cheng W, Fontana G, Trento A | display-authors = 6 | title = Use of cardiac allografts with mild and moderate left ventricular hypertrophy can be safely used in heart transplantation to expand the donor pool | journal = Journal of the American College of Cardiology | volume = 51 | issue = 12 | pages = 1214–1220 | date = March 2008 | pmid = 18355661 | doi = 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.11.052 | s2cid = 29478910 | doi-access =  }}</ref>
|-
| Mild  || 12 to 13&nbsp;mm
|-
| Moderate || >13 to 17&nbsp;mm
|-
| Severe || >17&nbsp;mm
|}
Two dimensional echocardiography can produce images of the left ventricle. The thickness of the left ventricle as visualized on echocardiography correlates with its actual mass. Left ventricular mass can be further estimated based on geometric assumptions of ventricular shape using the measured wall thickness and internal diameter.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, Afilalo J, Armstrong A, Ernande L, Flachskampf FA, Foster E, Goldstein SA, Kuznetsova T, Lancellotti P, Muraru D, Picard MH, Rietzschel ER, Rudski L, Spencer KT, Tsang W, Voigt JU | display-authors = 6 | title = Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging | journal = Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography | volume = 28 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–39.e14 | date = January 2015 | pmid = 25559473 | doi = 10.1016/j.echo.2014.10.003 | doi-access = free | hdl = 1854/LU-5953422 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> Average thickness of the left ventricle, with numbers given as 95% [[prediction interval]] for the short axis images at the mid-cavity level are:<ref name="KawelTurkbey2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kawel N, Turkbey EB, Carr JJ, Eng J, Gomes AS, Hundley WG, Johnson C, Masri SC, Prince MR, van der Geest RJ, Lima JA, Bluemke DA | display-authors = 6 | title = Normal left ventricular myocardial thickness for middle-aged and older subjects with steady-state free precession cardiac magnetic resonance: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis | journal = Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging | volume = 5 | issue = 4 | pages = 500–508 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 22705587 | pmc = 3412148 | doi = 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.112.973560 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
* Women: 4 – 8&nbsp;mm
* Men: 5 – 9&nbsp;mm

=== CT & MRI ===
[[CT scan|CT]] and [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]]-based measurement can be used to measure the left ventricle in three dimensions and calculate left ventricular mass directly. MRI based measurement is considered the “[[Gold standard (test)|gold standard]]” for left ventricular mass,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Myerson SG, Bellenger NG, Pennell DJ | title = Assessment of left ventricular mass by cardiovascular magnetic resonance | journal = Hypertension | volume = 39 | issue = 3 | pages = 750–755 | date = March 2002 | pmid = 11897757 | doi = 10.1161/hy0302.104674 | s2cid = 16598370 | doi-access = free }}</ref> though is usually not readily available for common practice. In older individuals, age related remodeling of the left ventricle's geometry can lead to a discordancy between CT and echocardiographic based measurements of left ventricular mass.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Stokar J, Leibowitz D, Durst R, Shaham D, Zwas DR | title = Echocardiography overestimates LV mass in the elderly as compared to cardiac CT | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 14 | issue = 10 | pages = e0224104 | date = 2019-10-24 | pmid = 31648248 | pmc = 6812823 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0224104 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2019PLoSO..1424104S }}</ref>

===ECG criteria===
[[File:Left ventricular hypertrophy with secondary repolarization.jpg|thumb|300px|Left ventricular hypertrophy with secondary repolarization abnormalities as seen on ECG]]
[[File:Histopathology of myocardial hypertrophy.jpg|thumb|[[Histopathology]] of (a) normal myocardium and (b) myocardial hypertrophy. Scale bar indicates 50 μm.]]
[[File:Gross pathology of left ventricular hypertrophy.jpg|thumb|[[Gross pathology]] of left ventricular hypertrophy. Left ventricle is at right in image, serially sectioned from apex to near base.]]
There are several sets of criteria used to diagnose LVH via electrocardiography.<ref name="urlLesson VIII - Ventricular Hypertrophy">{{cite web |url=http://library.med.utah.edu/kw/ecg/ecg_outline/Lesson8/index.html#LVH |title=Lesson VIII - Ventricular Hypertrophy |access-date=2009-01-07}}</ref>  None of them are perfect, though by using multiple criteria sets, the [[sensitivity (tests)|sensitivity]] and [[Specificity (tests)|specificity]] are increased.

The '''Sokolow-Lyon index''':<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sokolow M, Lyon TP | title = The ventricular complex in left ventricular hypertrophy as obtained by unipolar precordial and limb leads | journal = American Heart Journal | volume = 37 | issue = 2 | pages = 161–186 | date = February 1949 | pmid = 18107386 | doi = 10.1016/0002-8703(49)90562-1 }}</ref><ref name="Time-Voltage QRS Area of the 12-Lead Electrocardiogram : Detection of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy -- Okin et al. 31 (4): 937 -- Hypertension">{{cite journal | vauthors = Okin PM, Roman MJ, Devereux RB, Pickering TG, Borer JS, Kligfield P | title = Time-voltage QRS area of the 12-lead electrocardiogram: detection of left ventricular hypertrophy | journal = Hypertension | volume = 31 | issue = 4 | pages = 937–942 | date = April 1998 | pmid = 9535418 | doi = 10.1161/01.HYP.31.4.937 | s2cid = 2662286 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.503.8356 }}</ref>
* S in V<sub>1</sub> + R in V<sub>5</sub> or V<sub>6</sub> (whichever is larger) ≥ 35&nbsp;mm (≥ 7 large squares)
* R in aVL ≥ 11&nbsp;mm

The '''Cornell voltage criteria'''<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Casale PN, Devereux RB, Alonso DR, Campo E, Kligfield P | title = Improved sex-specific criteria of left ventricular hypertrophy for clinical and computer interpretation of electrocardiograms: validation with autopsy findings | journal = Circulation | volume = 75 | issue = 3 | pages = 565–572 | date = March 1987 | pmid = 2949887 | doi = 10.1161/01.CIR.75.3.565 | s2cid = 25815927 | doi-access =  }}</ref> for the ECG diagnosis of LVH involve measurement of the sum of the R wave in lead aVL and the S wave in lead V<sub>3</sub>.  The Cornell criteria for LVH are:
* S in V<sub>3</sub> + R in aVL > 28&nbsp;mm (men)
* S in V<sub>3</sub> + R in aVL > 20&nbsp;mm (women)

The '''Romhilt-Estes point score system''' ("diagnostic" >5 points; "probable" 4 points):

{|
||ECG Criteria||Points
|-
||Voltage Criteria (any of):
# R or S in limb leads ≥20&nbsp;mm
# S in V<sub>1</sub> or V<sub>2</sub> ≥30&nbsp;mm
# R in V<sub>5</sub> or V<sub>6</sub> ≥30&nbsp;mm
||3
|-
||ST-T Abnormalities:
* ST-T vector opposite to QRS without digitalis
* ST-T vector opposite to QRS with digitalis
||
3<br />
1
|-
||Negative terminal P mode in V<sub>1</sub> 1&nbsp;mm in depth and 0.04 sec in duration (indicates [[left atrial enlargement]])
||3
|-
||Left axis deviation (QRS of −30° or more)
||2
|-
||QRS duration ≥0.09 sec
||1
|-
||Delayed [[intrinsicoid deflection]] in V<sub>5</sub> or V<sub>6</sub> (>0.05 sec)
||1
|}

Other voltage-based criteria for LVH include:
* Lead I: R wave > 14&nbsp;mm
* Lead aVR: S wave > 15&nbsp;mm
* Lead aVL: R wave > 12&nbsp;mm
* Lead aVF: R wave > 21&nbsp;mm
* Lead V<sub>5</sub>: R wave > 26&nbsp;mm
* Lead V<sub>6</sub>: R wave > 20&nbsp;mm

Diagnostic accuracy of electrocardiography in left ventricular hypertrophy can be enhanced with [[artificial intelligence]] analysis.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Martínez-Sellés |first1=Manuel |last2=Marina-Breysse |first2=Manuel |title=Current and Future Use of Artificial Intelligence in Electrocardiography |journal=Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease |date=2023 |volume=10 |issue=4 |page=175 |doi=10.3390/jcdd10040175 |doi-access=free |pmid=37103054 |pmc=10145690 }}</ref>