Editing Legitimation (section)

==Audience-based view==
[[Sociology|Sociologists]] and organizational [[ecology|ecologists]] have shown that legitimation originates from consensus among certain agents (an audience) on which features and behaviors of an actor (a candidate) should be viewed as appropriate and desirable within a widespread system of social codes.<ref name="Zuckerman1999">Zuckerman, E. W. (1999) “The categorical imperative: Securities analysts and the legitimacy discount.” [[American Journal of Sociology]], 104: 1398-1438.</ref> An audience-based theory of legitimation posits that various social audiences develop expectations about what organizations can or should do and accordingly evaluate organizational action. Candidate organizations that pass the code test are legitimated in the social environment. One of the consequences is that they enjoy greater survival.<ref name="Hannan2007">Hannan, M. T., L. Pólos, and G. R. Carroll (2007) Logics of Organization Theory: Audiences, Codes, and Ecologies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.</ref> Early elaborations of this idea include attempts to understand the variations of codes across different audiences;<ref name="Pontikes2012">Pontikes, E. (2012) "Two Sides of the Same Coin: How Ambiguous Classification Affects Multiple Audiences' Evaluations," Administrative Science Quarterly, 57(1) 81-118.</ref> the impact of code violation on organizational performance;<ref name="Monin2007">Monin Philippe, Duran Rodolphe, Rao Hayagreeva (2007). Code and conduct in French cuisine: Impact of code changes on external evaluations. Strategic Management Journal, 28 (5).</ref> the role of  the network connecting social actors and their audiences in shaping the formation and operation of social codes.<ref name="Cattani2008">Cattani, G., Ferriani, S., Negro, G & F. Perretti (2008) “The Structure of Consensus: Network Ties, Legitimation and Exit Rates of U.S. Feature Film Producer Organizations”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 2008, 53(2): 145-182. [https://drive.google.com/file/d/0ByE7rCUuloTld2M2SUpkREx4c2s/edit?usp=sharing]</ref>