Editing Lego Technic (section)

==Lego Technic components==
[[File:Technic_pieces_rotated.jpg|thumb|right|Common Lego Technic components]]
The Lego Technic system expands on the normal Lego bricks with a whole range of new bricks that offer new functions and building styles. The most significant change from normal Lego is that single-stud wide bricks ('beams') have circular holes through their vertical face. These holes can accommodate pins, which enable two beams to be held securely together side-by-side, or hinged at an angle. The holes also act as bearings for axles, on which gears and wheels can be attached to create complex mechanisms. 
Studless beams (''studs'' are the bumps traditionally associated with Lego parts), referred to as 'liftarms', were first introduced in 1989 and through the 1990s and 2000s, an increasing number of liftarm designs have been introduced over time.[[Image:Lego technic gears.jpg|thumb|200px|Various Lego Technic gears]]

===Gears===
[[Gear]]s have been included within Lego Technic sets since 1977 as a way of transferring rotary power and gearing up or down the speed. Gears come in several sizes: 8-tooth, 16-tooth, 24-tooth, and 40-tooth spur gears; 12-tooth, 20-tooth, 28-tooth, and 36-tooth double bevel gears; and 12-tooth and-20 tooth single bevel gears. The double bevel gears are cut so they can also be meshed as spur gears. There is also a 16-tooth spur clutch gear, a 20-tooth double bevel clutch gear, and a 24-tooth friction gear that slips when a certain amount of torque is put on it to prevent motors from damaging any parts or burning themselves out.

In addition to standard gears, some kits include a rack, a clutch, and even [[worm gear]]s and [[differential gear]]s. The original differential from 1980 had a 28 tooth bevel gear, designed to be meshed with the 14 tooth bevel gears (replaced by the 12 tooth gears) to give 2:1 reduction. They can also be meshed with the newer double bevel gears. It was replaced in 1994 by a newer design incorporating 16-tooth and 24-tooth gears on opposite sides of the casing. The casing holds three 12 tooth bevel gears inside. In 2008, an updated version of the original differential has been released, optimised for studless construction with a 28 tooth bevel gear on the outside and three 12 tooth gears on the inside. With the release of the 'Top Gear Rally Car' ([[#Set42109|42109]]) in 2020, yet another differential was created with a 28 tooth double bevel gear and five 12 tooth gears on the inside so that the differential could be rotated with gears above and next to the differential.

Chain links were also introduced as an additional way of connecting gears. Tension (resulting from the correct number of chain-link parts used), along with the combination of gearwheel-sizes used, is critical to reliable operation. 8-tooth gears are not recommended for this purpose.

[[Volvo Construction Equipment]] used a Lego model to develop an electric [[wheel loader]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Altl |first1=Blair |title=Volvo's prototype autonomous electric construction vehicle started out as a LEGO Technic set |url=https://electrek.co/2021/10/27/volvo-lx03-lego-technic/ |website=[[Electrek]] |date=27 October 2021}}</ref>

===Motors===
The Lego Technic system has always included a variety of different electric motors. Broadly, these divide into those powered by batteries (held in a connected battery box) or by mains electricity (via a transformer.) Battery-powered is the most common.

The very earliest motors (p/n x469b) were 4.5 volt, and consisted of a modified "Electric Train Motor" (p/n x469) and along with the 4 driven bushes for wheels added an axle hole enabling axles of different lengths to be used. While these were released in kits with Technic parts they were not sold as Technic motors.

The first dedicated Technic motor was a 4.5 volt rounded brick (p/n 6216m) released in 1977 as part of the Expert Builder Power Pack ([[#Set960|960-1]]) and Supplementary Set ([[#Set870|870-1]]), this output via a small protruding axle that would rotate when the motor was powered. The motor was not geared, resulting in high-RPM, low-torque output. Gearboxes and a square casing were available. A 12 volt motor of the same physical dimensions as the 4.5 volt motor was also available in set [[#Set880|880-1]]. The 12 volt version is visually distinguishable by being black, rather than grey.  The 4.5V and 12V motors were also compatible with the battery boxes and mains transformers used within the Trains series of the 1980s

The 4.5 volt motor was replaced by a similar but square 9 volt motor in 1990, as part of the new generation "Electric System" which dispensed with the pinned plugs and replaced them with regular bricks that incorporated contacts within the stud interfaces. This system gave more reliable contacts over time, as the pinned plugs had a tendency to go slack over time, or for the wires to fracture or come detached.

The [[#Set8297|8297]] 'Motor Set' released in 2006 was capable of extremely high speeds and relatively high torque at the time, up to 1700 rpm and 14 N.cm,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.philohome.com/motors/motorcomp.htm|title = LEGO 9V Technic Motors compared characteristics}}</ref> and was advertised as an accessory to motorise Technic vehicles during the 9V System 'era'.

Recent motors contain an axle hole enabling axles of different lengths to be used.

Starting with the release of [[#Set8275|8275]] 'Technic Bulldozer', Power Functions (which used infrared to remote control) was introduced as a new electric system and started introducing motors of different sizes, including the M, L, XL and steering (Servo) motor.

The current electric motor systems are Powered Up and Control+, introduced with sets [[#Set42099|42099]] 'X-treme Off-roader' and [[#Set42100|42100]] 'Liebherr R 9800 Excavator'. As a result of the L and XL motors being able to calibrate to become steering motors, there is no dedicated servo motor, as there is no need for one.

===Pneumatics===
{{main|Lego pneumatics}}
[[File:Collection of LEGO pneumatic components.jpg|thumb|Collection of Lego pneumatic components]]
Lego pneumatics is a variety of Lego bricks which use air pressure and specialised components to perform various actions using the principles of [[pneumatics]]. The LEGO pneumatics components were first introduced in 1984, and have featured in a variety of LEGO Technic and LEGO Educational (DACTA) products.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pneumatics |url=https://www.lego.com/en-in/service/help/technic/technic/pneumatics-kA009000001dckzCAA |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=Lego}}</ref> Lego pneumatic components include [[Air pump|air pumps]], [[Pneumatic cylinder|pneumatic cylinders]], pneumatic tubing, three-way valves, and [[Pressure vessel|air tanks]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pneumatic Add-on Set Building Instructions |url=https://education.lego.com/en-us/product-resources/machines-and-mechanisms/pneumatic-add-on-set/building-instructions/ |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=LEGO Education |language=en-us}}</ref> As of 2024, 34 Lego Technic sets that contain pneumatics have been released.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brickset LEGO Set Guide - Tagged 'Pneumatic'" |url=https://brickset.com/sets/theme-Technic/tag-pneumatic |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=Brickset.com |language=en}}</ref>

===Technic Figures===
Technic Figures (sometimes informally known as the "maxifigure") are figures that appeared in Technic sets, appearing sporadically but heavily featured in the CyberSlam/Competition line. They were first introduced in 1986 in the Arctic Action line, and were produced until 2001. They are much larger and have several more joints than the standard [[Lego minifigure|minifigure]], including bendable elbow and knee-joints. Each figure comes already assembled and is not meant to come apart, but parts can be popped off by pulling too hard. They can connect to both standard Lego System bricks and on Technic parts, and Technic pegs can fit in their hands.
27 different kinds of Technic figures were created, some sets included the same figures but with different accessories and stickers.

=== Technic Action Figures ===
In 1999 Lego Technic Introduced Lego Slizers (known as Throwbots in the US) which were colorful action figures built with Lego Technic parts and branded under Lego Technic. The Slizer sets were released between 1999 and 2000 consisting of 10 main figures Torch, Ski, Turbo, Scuba, Jet, Amazon, Granite, and Electro, Flare, Spark, and 2 Titan figures Millennium and Blaster. Slizers was later replaced by [[Lego RoboRiders]] in 2000. RoboRiders were similar in concept to Slizers with Technic Built figures with 6 main figures Swamp, Lava, Frost, Onyx, Dust, Power 4 mini builds and The Boss (Known as Super RoboRider internationally). RoboRiders was later replaced by [[Bionicle]] in 2001 which later spun off into its own line and considered not part of Lego Technic by 2003.

=== "Studded" (Beams) versus "Studless" (Liftarms) ===
[[Image:OldStyleTechnicLego.jpg|thumb|200px|A construction using the old pieces with studs]]
Although liftarms (studless beams) have been present in Technic sets since 1989, the change from primarily studded to primarily studless construction around the year 2000 represented a major paradigm shift and has been quite controversial. Initially liftarms were used primarily as styling parts, or to create smaller sub-assemblies which attached to a studded chassis. With an increasing number of liftarm designs introduced, a tipping point was reached around the year 2000 with models introduced primarily constructed from liftarms instead of traditional beams.

The primary advantage of studless construction is the addition of new construction methods that were previously unavailable. Liftarms are exactly 1 unit width high, in contrast to studded beams, which are a non-integer multiple of one unit. It can be awkward to use studded beams in vertical structures because it is necessary to insert plates between the studded beams in order to get the holes to line up.  Studless beams allow greater flexibility when building in multiple dimensions, while remaining compatible with "classic" studded beams. Some builders also believe that models constructed with studless beams look nicer than their studded counterparts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.lugnet.com/general/?n=48416|title=General Discussion : 48416|work=lugnet.com}}</ref>

However, studless construction also introduces disadvantages. Studless construction is not immediately intuitive, requiring the builder to think five or six steps ahead.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.actionfigurecustoms.com/blogs/2007/10/2009-camaro-custom-LEGO-technic-by.php |title=Custom Action Figure Blog - Transformers, Marvel Legends, WWE, Star Wars, read the latest reviews! |access-date=2013-07-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518152649/http://www.actionfigurecustoms.com/blogs/2007/10/2009-camaro-custom-lego-technic-by.php |archive-date=2008-05-18 }}</ref> While studded construction follows the classic bottom-to-top building pattern, studless construction requires building inside-to-outside.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.lugnet.com/general/?n=48420|title=General Discussion : 48420|work=lugnet.com}}</ref> Studless constructions are noted to often be more flexible than an equivalent studded construction. This is due to the amount of flex in the clip-based pins which are used to attach studdless parts together, whereas studs provide a more rigid friction fit.

As of 2005, Lego has begun to re-incorporate studded bricks back into the Technic line, which can be seen in sets such as [[#Set8421|8421]] Mobile Crane.  However, studded bricks are used primarily as to mount front grills in vehicles while transparent plates are used for lights.

[[File:Lego Technic Crane Truck.jpg|thumb|Lego Technic Crane Truck (Power Functions) from 2009]]

===Power Functions===
In late 2007, a new motor system was released called ''Power Functions''; it was included within Lego set [[#Set8275|8275]] Motorized Bulldozer. It comprised a set of motors, two IR receivers, [[IR remote control|remote control]] and a battery box, thus resulting in a remote-control model.
 
[[File:LEGO Technic John Deere 6130R.jpg|thumb|LEGO Technic John Deere 6130R Custom Made]]

With these sets it is possible to build or convert manually-operated mechanical movement to motorized using electric motors which are controlled via switches or IR remote control. Lego has already started to design and sell Lego Technic models (sets) which can be easily retrofitted with the Power Functions system or third-party alternatives. For example, models like the [[#Set8294|8294]] Excavator and [[#Set8295|8295]] Telescopic Handler are sold like classic Lego Technic models with manual motorization but are designed with free space for the Power Functions components with factory instructions on how to perform the conversion to an electrically operated model.

The Power Functions line-up also includes a Linear Actuator currently not sold separately, but already used in many models like the 8294 Excavator and the 8043 Motorised Excavator.

=== Powered Up (Control+, Power Functions v2) ===
In 2018, Lego announced a new system for motorizing sets, to replace the Power Functions system.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lego Ambassadors on Power Functions replacement|url=http://thebrickblogger.com/2018/08/lego-powered-up-questions-answers/|website=TheBrickBlogger.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118163337/http://thebrickblogger.com/2018/08/lego-powered-up-questions-answers/|archive-date=2018-11-18|language=en}}</ref>  Early in release several names were used including Control+.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Technic Control+ and flagship model announced|url=https://brickset.com/article/41935/technic-control-and-flagship-model-announced|access-date=2020-07-25|website=Brickset.com|date=29 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref> and Power Functions v2; by 2020 the line was unified under the Lego Theme `Powered Up`.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Technic Powered Up Theme|url=https://www.lego.com/en-us/themes/powered-up|website=Lego.com|language=en}}</ref>

This new system is controlled via [[Bluetooth]] using a smartphone app rather than a physical controller and is not backwards compatible with Power Functions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=LEGO Сontrol Plus Review and Opinion {{!}} TechnicStory|url=https://technicstory.com/lego-control-plus-review/|access-date=2020-07-25|website=technicstory.com}}</ref> Components can be bought individually or as packs to either be used with or independently of retail sets. Lego launched two flagship sets to display the new systems functionality: 42100 Liebherr R 9800 and [[#Set42099|42099]] 4x4 X-Treme Off-Roader.

Physically and electrically, the Powered Up system components are compatible with all other lego systems using the same 6-pin plug.  This includes WeDo 2.0, Boost, Spike Prime, Mindstorms v4 as of 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lego Technic Powered Up System|url=https://brickarchitect.com/powered-up/|website=brickarchitect.com|language=en}}</ref>  However, software support between the various apps varies.[[Image:Lego technic.jpg|thumb|250px|Early example of Lego Technic: Expert Builder set 8859, released in 1981]]