Editing Lethal injection (section)

===Implementation===
On May 10, 1977, [[Oklahoma]] became the first U.S. state to approve lethal injection when Governor [[David Boren]] signed a bill into law.<ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/article/fort-lauderdale-news-oklahoma-becomes-th/126186220/ "Oklahoma OKs Drug Executions"], UPI report in ''Fort Lauderdale (FL) News'', May 11, 1977, p.8</ref> Episcopal Reverend Bill Wiseman<ref name="Washington Post 2003">{{cite news | title=Poison Penalty | newspaper=Washington Post | date=2003-12-07 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2003/12/07/poison-penalty/6a12bcf9-0ca6-4b6f-bc96-4fddd6ca5d60/ | access-date=2022-10-11}}</ref> had introduced it into the Oklahoma legislature, where it passed and was quickly sent to the Governor's desk (Title 22, Section 1014(A)). The next day, Texas became the second U.S. state to approve a lethal injection law. Since then, until 2004, 37 of the 38 states using capital punishment introduced lethal injection statutes (the last state, [[Nebraska]], maintained electrocution as its sole method until adopting injection in 2009, after its [[Nebraska Supreme Court|Supreme Court]] deemed the electric chair unconstitutional).<ref name = "hrw-i"/>

On May 11, 1977, the day after the new method had become state law, [[Oklahoma]]'s state [[medical examiner]] [[Jay Chapman (physician)|Jay Chapman]] proposed a new, less painful method of execution known as Chapman's protocol: "An [[intravenous therapy|intravenous]] [[saline (medicine)|saline]] drip shall be started in the prisoner's arm, into which shall be introduced a lethal injection consisting of an ultrashort-acting [[barbiturate]] in combination with a chemical [[paralytic]]."<ref name="hrw">{{cite journal |url=http://hrw.org/reports/2006/us0406/ |title=So Long as They Die: Lethal Injections in the United States |journal=[[Human Rights Watch]] |first1=Jamie |last1=Fellner |first2=Sarah |last2=Tofte |volume=18 |number=1(G) |date=April 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619213913/http://hrw.org/reports/2006/us0406/ |archive-date=June 19, 2006 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref name="hrw-i">{{cite book |chapter-url=http://hrw.org/reports/2006/us0406/3.htm |chapter=I. Development of Lethal Injection Protocols |title=So Long as They Die: Lethal Injections in the United States |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |first1=Jamie |last1=Fellner |first2=Sarah |last2=Tofte |volume=18 |number=1(G) |date=April 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605211812/http://www.hrw.org/reports/2006/us0406/3.htm |df=mdy-all |archive-date=June 5, 2013}}</ref> The Chapman protocol was approved by [[anesthesiologist]] Stanley Deutsch, formerly Head of the Department of Anaesthesiology of the [[University of Oklahoma|Oklahoma University]] Medical School.<ref name="McGowen"/> 
On August 29, 1977,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prisonport.com/index.php/Death-Row-links/Texas-Execution-Procedures-and-History.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715113222/http://www.prisonport.com/index.php/Death-Row-links/Texas-Execution-Procedures-and-History.html |archive-date=July 15, 2011 |title=Texas Execution Procedures and History}}</ref> 
[[Texas]] adopted the new method of execution, switching from electrocution.

On December 7, 1982, Texas became the first U.S. state or territory in the world to use lethal injection to carry out capital punishment, for the execution of [[Charles Brooks, Jr.]]<ref name = "groner">{{cite journal |author=Groner JI |title=Lethal injection: a stain on the face of medicine |journal=BMJ |volume=325 |issue=7371 |pages=1026–8 |year=2002 |pmid=12411367 |doi=10.1136/bmj.325.7371.1026 |pmc=1124498}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tdcj.state.tx.us/stat/dr_facts.html |title=Death Row Facts |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=November 29, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630121403/http://www.tdcj.state.tx.us/stat/dr_facts.html |archive-date=June 30, 2012 }}</ref>

The [[People's Republic of China]] began using it in 1997, [[Guatemala]] in 1996, the [[Philippines]] in 1999, [[Thailand]] in 2003, and [[Taiwan]] in 2005.<ref name="uk"/> Vietnam first used this method in 2013.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://vietnewsonline.vn/News/Politics/16818/Vietnam-to-replace-firing-squads-with-lethal-injections.htm |title=Vietnam to replace firing squads with lethal injections |publisher=Viet News Online |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221121639/http://www.vietnewsonline.vn/News/Politics/16818/Vietnam-to-replace-firing-squads-with-lethal-injections.htm |archive-date=February 21, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://talkvietnam.com/2012/10/lethal-injections-to-replace-guns-in-november/ |title=Lethal injections to replace guns in November |date=October 23, 2012 |publisher=TalkVietnam |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423162101/http://www.talkvietnam.com/2012/10/lethal-injections-to-replace-guns-in-november/ |archive-date=April 23, 2014 |df=mdy-all |access-date=November 29, 2012 }}</ref> The Philippines abolished the death penalty in 2006, with their last execution being in 2000. All seven executions made from 1999 to 2000 were carried out using lethal injection.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2023/02/08/2243319/death-penalty-recent-history |title=Death penalty in recent history |website=The Freeman |first=Todd |last=Sales Lucero |date=February 8, 2023 |access-date=December 22, 2024 }}</ref> Guatemalan law still allows for the death penalty and lethal injection is the sole method allowed, but none have been carried out since 2000 when the country televised the live double executions of [[Amílcar Cetino Pérez and Tomás Cerrate Hernández]].<ref name="cornell-guatemala">{{cite web |url=http://www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org/country-search-post.cfm?country=Guatemala |title=Guatemala |publisher=Cornell Center on the Death Penalty Worldwide |date=September 24, 2012 |access-date=November 7, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518151837/http://www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org/country-search-post.cfm?country=Guatemala |archive-date=May 18, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref name="pri20140507">{{cite web |url=http://www.pri.org/stories/2014-05-07/these-are-countries-still-using-lethal-injection-kill-people |title=These are the countries still using lethal injection to kill people |website=PRI.org |first=Jeanne |last=Kim |date=May 7, 2014 |access-date=November 7, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108142356/http://www.pri.org/stories/2014-05-07/these-are-countries-still-using-lethal-injection-kill-people |archive-date=November 8, 2016 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

The export of drugs to be used for lethal injection was banned by the [[European Union]] (EU) in 2011, together with other items under the EU Torture Regulation. Since then, [[pentobarbital]] followed [[thiopental]] in the European Union's ban.