Editing Limerick (section)

==History==
{{main|History of Limerick}}
[[File:Limerick-King-Johns-Castle-2012.JPG|thumb|left|[[King John's Castle (Limerick)|King John's Castle]] on the [[River Shannon]]]]

===Ancient and medieval history===
{{lang|ga|Luimneach}} originally referred to the general area along the banks of the [[Shannon Estuary]] known as {{lang|ga|Loch Luimnigh}}. The earliest settlement in the city, {{lang|ga|Inis Sibhtonn}}, was the original name for King's Island during the pre-Viking and Viking eras. This island was also called {{lang|ga|Inis an Ghaill Duibh}}, 'The Dark Foreigner's Island'. The name is recorded in [[Viking]] sources as {{lang|non|Hlymrekr}}.

The city dates from 812; however, history suggests the presence of earlier settlements in the area surrounding King's Island, the island at the historical city centre. Antiquity's map-maker, [[Ptolemy]], produced in 150 AD the earliest map of Ireland, showing a place called {{lang|la|Regia}} at the same site as King's Island. History also records an important battle involving [[Cormac mac Airt]] in 221 and a visit by [[Saint Patrick]] in 434 to baptise an [[Dál gCais]] king, Carthann Finn. [[Saint Munchin]], the first bishop of Limerick died in 652, indicating the settlement was a place of some note then. In 812 the Vikings sailed up the Shannon and pillaged the city, burned [[Mungret Abbey]] but were forced to flee when the Irish attacked and killed many of their number.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YY2AAAAMAAJ|title=The History of Limerick|author=John Ferrar|publisher=A. Watson & Company|year=1787|page=4|access-date=14 June 2020|archive-date=26 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626061528/https://books.google.com/books?id=0YY2AAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> The Normans redesigned the city in the 12th century and added much of the most notable architecture, such as [[King John's Castle (Limerick)|King John's Castle]] and [[St. Mary's Cathedral, Limerick|St Mary's Cathedral]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hodkinson|first=Brian|year=2002|title=The Topography of Pre-Norman Limerick|journal=North Munster Antiquarian Journal|volume=42|pages=1–6}}</ref>

In early medieval times Limerick was at the centre of the [[Kingdom of Thomond]] which corresponds to the present day County Clare, the Kingdom also included North [[County Kerry|Kerry]] and parts of South [[County Offaly|Offaly]]. One of the kingdom's most notable kings was [[Brian Boru]], ancestor of the O'Brien Clan of Dalcassians. The word Thomond is synonymous with the region and is retained in place names such as [[Thomondgate]], [[Thomond Bridge]] and [[Thomond Park]].

===Late Renaissance/Early modern history===
[[File:DV405 no.235 Limerick.png|thumb|Limerick, painted in 1830]]
[[File:George Street, Limerick (5691906290).jpg|thumb|Cannock's Department Store on O'Connell Street in the early 20th Century]]

Limerick in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was sometimes called the most beautiful city in Ireland.{{Attribution needed|date=September 2019}} The English-born judge [[Luke Gernon]], a resident of Limerick, wrote in 1620 that at his first sight of the city he had been taken by its "lofty buildings of marble, like the Colleges in [[Oxford]]".<ref>Gernon, Luke  ''A Discourse of Ireland'' 1620 edited by C.L. Falkiner 1904</ref>

During the civil wars of the 17th century the city played a pivotal role, besieged by [[Oliver Cromwell]] in 1651 and twice by [[William III of England|the Williamites]] in the 1690s. The [[Treaty of Limerick]] ended the [[Williamite war in Ireland]] which was fought between supporters of the Catholic [[King James II]] (Jacobites) and the Protestant [[William III of England|King William of Orange]] (Williamites). The treaty offered toleration to Catholicism and full legal rights to Catholics that swore an oath of loyalty to [[William III of England|William III]] and [[Mary II of England|Mary II]]. The Treaty was of national significance as it ensured closer British and Protestant dominance over Ireland. The articles of the Treaty protecting Catholic rights were not passed by the Protestant [[Parliament of Ireland|Irish Parliament]] which rather updated the [[Penal Laws against Irish Catholics|Penal Laws]] against Catholics which had major implications for [[History of Ireland|Irish history]]. Reputedly the Treaty was signed on the Treaty Stone, an irregular block of limestone which once served as a mounting block for horses. This stone is now displayed on a pedestal at Clancy Strand. Because of the treaty, Limerick is sometimes known as the Treaty City. This turbulent period earned the city its motto: {{lang|la|urbs antiqua fuit studisque asperrima belli}} (an ancient city well studied in the arts of war).

The peaceful times that followed the turmoil of the late 17th century allowed the city to prosper through trade in the late 18th century. During this time Limerick Port established itself as one of Ireland's major commercial ports exporting agricultural produce from one of Ireland's most fertile areas, the [[Golden Vale]], to Britain and America.<ref name="libraryireland.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.libraryireland.com/topog/L/Limerick-Port.php|title=Limerick Port|publisher=libraryireland.com|access-date=21 September 2013|archive-date=25 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925151832/http://www.libraryireland.com/topog/L/Limerick-Port.php|url-status=live}}</ref> This increase in trade and wealth, particularly amongst the city's merchant classes saw a rapid expansion of the city as [[Newtown Pery, Limerick|Georgian Limerick]] began to take shape. This gave the city its present-day look, including the extensive terraced streets of [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] townhouses which remain in the city centre today. The [[Waterford and Limerick Railway]] linked the city to the [[Dublin–Cork railway line]] in 1848 and to [[Waterford]] in 1853. The opening of a number of secondary railways in the subsequent decades developed Limerick as a regional centre of communications. However, the economic downturn in the European conflicts of the [[French Revolution]] and Napoleonic eras, and following the [[Act of Union 1800]], and the impact of the [[Great Irish Famine]] of 1848 caused much of the 19th century to be a more troubled period.

===20th-century history===
[[File:Limerick arms.jpg|thumb|City arms on a [[manhole cover]]]]
The [[Limerick boycott]] was an economic boycott waged against the small Jewish community for over two years in the first decade of the 20th century. It was accompanied by a number of assaults, stone-throwing and intimidation, which caused many Jews to leave the city. It was instigated in 1904 by a Redemptorist priest, Father [[John Creagh]].

During the [[Irish War of Independence]], the [[Limerick Soviet]] was a self-declared soviet that existed from 15 to 27 April 1919. A general strike was organised by the Limerick Trades and Labour Council, as a protest against the [[British Army]]'s declaration of a "Special Military Area" under the Defence of the Realm Act, which covered most of Limerick city and a part of the county. During the strike a special strike committee was set up to print their own money, control [[food prices]] and publish newspapers.

By the mid-20th century, Limerick was characterised by economic stagnation and decline as many traditional industries closed or left the city. However, there were some success stories. In 1942 [[Shannon Airport]] (located in County Clare, 20&nbsp;km west of the city) opened for the first time offering transatlantic flights. In 1959, Shannon Airport enabled the opening of the [[Shannon Free Zone]] which attracted a large number of multinational companies to the region. A long campaign for a third-level educational institute to be located in the city finally bore fruit with the establishment of [[National Institute for Higher Education|NIHE Limerick]] in 1969 which eventually became the [[University of Limerick]] in 1989.