Editing Linnaean taxonomy (section)

=== Classification of plants ===

In ''Systema Naturae'' (1735), his classes and orders of plants, according to his ''Systema Sexuale'', were not intended to represent natural groups (as opposed to his [[ordo naturalis|''ordines naturales'']] in his ''[[Philosophia Botanica]]'') but only for use in identification. However, in 1737 he published ''Genera Plantarum'' in which he claimed that his classification of genera was a natural system.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Müller-Wille |first1=Staffan |last2=Reeds |first2=Karen |date=September 2007 |title=A translation of Carl Linnaeus's introduction to Genera plantarum (1737) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2007.06.003 |journal=Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=563–572 |doi=10.1016/j.shpsc.2007.06.003 |pmid=17893065 |issn=1369-8486|url-access=subscription }}</ref> His botanical classification and sexual system were used well in the nineteenth century.<ref>{{cite book|author=Comstock, J.L.|year=1837 |title= An introduction to the study of botany: including a treatise on vegetable physiology, and descriptions of the most common plants in the middle and northern states |publisher=Robinson, Pratt & Co.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QHnvAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> Within each class were several orders. This system is based on the number and arrangement of male ([[stamen]]s) and female ([[Gynoecium|pistil]]s) organs.{{sfn|Bremer|2007}}
[[File:SN-p837.jpg|thumb|270px|Key to the Sexual System (from the 10th, 1758, edition of the ''Systema Naturae'')]]
[[File:Kalmia latifolia Great Smoky.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Kalmia]]'' is classified according to  Linnaeus' sexual system in class Decandria, order Monogyna, because it has 10 [[stamen]]s and one [[pistil]]]]

The Linnaean classes for plants, in the Sexual System, were (page numbers refer to ''Species plantarum''):
* Classis 1. Monandria: flowers with 1 stamen
* Classis 2. Diandria: flowers with 2 stamens
* Classis 3. Triandria: flowers with 3 stamens
* Classis 4. Tetrandria: flowers with 4 stamens
* Classis 5. Pentandria: flowers with 5 stamens
* Classis 6. Hexandria: flowers with 6 stamens
** Hexandria monogynia pp.&nbsp;285–352{{sfn|Linnaeus|1753|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358106#page/297/mode/1up Hexandria monogynia i pp.&nbsp;285–352]}}
** Hexandria polygynia pp.&nbsp;342–343{{sfn|Linnaeus|1753|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358106#page/354/mode/1up Hexandria polyynia i pp.&nbsp;342–343]}}
* Classis 7. Heptandria: flowers with 7 stamens
* Classis 8. Octandria: flowers with 8 stamens
* Classis 9. Enneandria: flowers with 9 stamens
* Classis 10. Decandria: flowers with 10 stamens
* Classis 11. Dodecandria: flowers with 11 to 19 stamens
* Classis 12. Icosandria: flowers with 20 (or more) stamens, [[Ovary (plants)#Half-inferior ovary|perigynous]]
* Classis 13. Polyandria: flowers with many stamens, inserted on the [[Receptacle (botany)|receptacle]]
* Classis 14. Didynamia: flowers with 4 stamens, 2 long and 2 short
** Gymnospermia{{sfn|Linnaeus|1753|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13830#page/3/mode/1up  ii pp.&nbsp;561–601]}}
** Angiospermia{{sfn|Linnaeus|1753|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13830#page/44/mode/1up  ii pp.&nbsp;602–639]}}
* Classis 15. Tetradynamia: flowers with 6 stamens, 4 long and 2 short{{sfn|Linnaeus|1753|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13830#page/82/mode/1up ii pp.&nbsp;640–672]}}
* Classis 16. Monadelphia; flowers with the anthers separate, but the filaments united, at least at the base
** Pentandria{{sfn|Linnaeus|1753|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13830#page/115/mode/1up ii pp.&nbsp;673–675]}}
** Decandria{{sfn|Linnaeus|1753|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13830#page/117/mode/1up ii pp.&nbsp;675–683]}}
** Polyandria{{sfn|Linnaeus|1753|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13830#page/125/mode/1up ii pp.&nbsp;683–698]}}
* Classis 17. Diadelphia; flowers with the stamens united in two separate groups{{sfn|Linnaeus|1753|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13830#page/141/mode/1up ii pp.&nbsp;699–781]}}
** Hexandria{{sfn|Linnaeus|1753|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13830#page/3/mode/1up ii pp.&nbsp;699–701]}}
** Octandria{{sfn|Linnaeus|1753|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13830#page/3/mode/1up ii pp.&nbsp;701–706]}}
** Decandria{{sfn|Linnaeus|1753|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13830#page/3/mode/1up ii pp.&nbsp;706–781]}}
* Classis 18. Polyadelphia; flowers with the stamens united in several separate groups{{sfn|Linnaeus|1753|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13830#page/224/mode/1up ii pp.&nbsp;782–788]}}
** Pentandria{{sfn|Linnaeus|1753|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13830#page/224/mode/1up ii p.&nbsp;782]}}
** Icosandria{{sfn|Linnaeus|1753|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13830#page/224/mode/1up ii pp.&nbsp;782–783]}}
** Polyandria{{sfn|Linnaeus|1753|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13830#page/225/mode/1up ii pp.&nbsp;783–788]}}
* Classis 19. Syngenesia; flowers with stamens united by their anthers{{sfn|Linnaeus|1753|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13830#page/231/mode/1up ii pp.&nbsp;789–938]}}
** Polygamia aequalis{{sfn|Linnaeus|1753|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13830#page/231/mode/1up ii pp.&nbsp;789–845]}}
** Polygamia superba{{sfn|Linnaeus|1753|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13830#page/287/mode/1up ii pp.&nbsp;845–904]}}
** Polygamia frustranea{{sfn|Linnaeus|1753|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13830#page/346/mode/1up ii pp.&nbsp;904–919]}}
** Polygamia necessaria{{sfn|Linnaeus|1753|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13830#page/361/mode/1up ii pp.&nbsp;919–927]}}
** Monogamia{{sfn|Linnaeus|1753|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13830#page/370/mode/1up ii pp.&nbsp;928–938]}}
* Classis 20. Gynandria; flowers with the stamens united to the pistils{{sfn|Linnaeus|1753|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13830#page/381/mode/1up ii pp.&nbsp;939–]}}
* Classis 21. Monoecia: [[monoecious]] plants
* Classis 22. Dioecia: [[dioecious]] plants
* Classis 23. Polygamia: [[Plant sexual morphology#Plant population|polygamodioecious]] plants
* Classis 24. Cryptogamia: the "flowerless" plants, including [[fern]]s, [[fungus|fungi]], [[algae]], and [[bryophyte]]s

The classes based on the number of stamens were then subdivided by the number of pistils, e.g. ''Hexandria monogynia'' with six stamens and one pistil.<ref>{{cite web|title=Linnaeus Sexual System|url=http://cronklab.wikidot.com/linnaeus-sexual-system|website=CronkLab|publisher=Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia|access-date=26 January 2015|ref={{harvid|Linnaeus Sexual System|2015}}}}
</ref> Index to genera p.&nbsp;1201{{sfn|Linnaeus|1753|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13830#page/643/mode/1up Index generum p.&nbsp;1201]}}

By contrast his ''ordines naturales'' numbered 69, from Piperitae to Vagae.