Editing Liquid crystal on silicon (section)

==Displays==

===History===
The history of LCoS projectors dates back to June 1972, when LCLV technology was first developed by scientists at [[Hughes Research Laboratories]] working on an internal research and development project.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA010553 |title=Development of a Reflective Mode Liquid Crystal Light Valve |author1=Jacobson, A.D. |publisher=Hughes Research Labs |date=May 1975 |access-date=16 January 2024}}</ref> General Electric demonstrated a low-resolution LCoS display in the late 1970s.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Armitage, David |author2=Underwood, Ian |author3=Wu, Shin-Tson |date=2006 |title=Introduction to Microdisplays |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-470-85281-1}}</ref> LCLV projectors were used primarily for military [[flight simulator]]s due to their large and bulky size.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA209580 |title=Display Characteristics of Example Light-Valve Projectors |author=Howard, Celeste M. |date=June 1989 |publisher=University of Dayton Research Institute |access-date=17 January 2024}}</ref> A joint venture between [[Hughes Electronics]] and [[Japan Victor Corporation|JVC]] (Hughes-JVC) was founded in 1992<ref name=JVCPro-pr>{{cite press release |url=http://pro.jvc.com/pro/vsd/jvchjt.htm |title=JVC consolidates projector operations with absorption of Hughes-JVC |date=December 16, 1999 |publisher=JVC Professional |access-date=16 January 2024}}</ref> to develop LCLV technology for commercial movie theaters under the branding ILA (Image Light Amplifer).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pro.jvc.com/pro/hjt/technology/download/sid99.pdf |title=Electronic Cinema Using ILA Projector Technology |author1=Sterling, R.D. |author2=Bleha, W.P. |publisher=Hughes-JVC Technology Corporation |access-date=16 January 2024}}</ref> One example was {{cvt|72.5|in}} tall and weighed {{cvt|1670|lb}}, using a 7&nbsp;kW [[Xenon arc lamp]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pro.jvc.com/pro/hjt/products/ila12k.html |title=ILA-12K Projector |website=JVC Professional |access-date=16 January 2024}}</ref>

[[File:Lcos.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.5|Conceptual diagram of an LCoS projector]]
In 1997, engineers at JVC developed the D-ILA (Direct-Drive Image Light Amplifier) from the Hughes LCLV,<ref name=JVCPro-pr/><ref>{{cite conference |doi=10.1117/12.305518 |title=Reflective active-matrix LCD: D-ILA |author1=Nakano, Atsushi |author2=Honma, Akira |author3=Nakagaki, Shintaro |author4=Doi, Keiichiro |date=1998 |conference=Photonics West / Electronic Imaging |location=San Jose, California |publisher=Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers}}</ref> which led to smaller and more affordable digital LCoS projectors, using three-chip D-ILA devices.<ref>{{cite conference |doi=10.1117/12.497532 |title=D-ILA technology for high-resolution projection displays |author1=Bleha, William P. |author2=Sterling, Rodney D. |publisher=Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers |conference=AeroSense |date=2003 |location=Orlando, Florida}}</ref> Although these were not as bright and had less resolution than the cinema ILA projectors, they were more portable, starting at {{cvt|33|lb}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pro.jvc.com/pro/special/dila/pdf_u/DLA_G11_U.pdf |title=D-ILA Projector: DLA-G11 |publisher=JVC Professional |date=November 1999 |access-date=16 January 2024}}</ref>

The early LCoS projectors had their challenges. They suffered from a phenomenon called "image sticking," where the image would remain on the screen after it was supposed to be gone. This was due to the mirrors sticking in their positions, which resulted in ghosting on the screen. However, manufacturers continued to refine the technology, and today's LCoS projectors have largely overcome this issue.

Sony introduced its SXRD (Silicon X-tal Reflective Display) technology in 2004. SXRD was an evolution of LCoS technology that used even smaller pixels and a higher resolution, resulting in an even more accurate image. The SXRD technology was used in Sony's high-end home theater projectors, and it quickly gained a reputation for its exceptional picture quality.

[[File:JVC D-ILA projector.jpg|thumb|JVC projector "D-ILA" LCoS]]
JVC introduced an updated D-ILA technology in 2006, which eliminated the need for a polarizing filter, resulting in a brighter and more vibrant image. The D-ILA technology has since become a popular choice for home theater enthusiasts.

LCoS projectors have continued to evolve, with manufacturers introducing features like [[4K resolution]] and HDR ([[High Dynamic Range]]) support. LCoS projectors are now available at a range of price points, from affordable models for home theater use to high-end professional models used in commercial installations.

===Display system architectures===
LCoS display technology is a type of microdisplay that has gained popularity due to its high image quality and ability to display high-resolution images. LCos display systems typically consist of three main components: the LCos panel, the light source, and the optical system.

The LCos panel is the heart of the display system. It consists of an array of pixels that are arranged in a grid pattern. Each pixel is made up of a liquid crystal layer, a reflective layer, and a silicon substrate. The liquid crystal layer controls the polarization of light that passes through it, while the reflective layer reflects the light back towards the optical system. The silicon substrate is used to control the individual pixels and provides the necessary electronics to drive the LCos panel.

The light source is used to provide the necessary illumination for the LCos panel. The most common light source used in LCos display systems is a high-intensity lamp. This lamp emits a broad spectrum of light that is filtered through a color wheel or other optical components to provide the necessary color gamut for the display system.

The optical system is responsible for directing the light from the light source onto the LCos panel and projecting the resulting image onto a screen or other surface. The optical system consists of a number of lenses, mirrors, and other optical components that are carefully designed and calibrated to provide the necessary magnification, focus, and color correction for the display system.
====Three-panel designs====
The white light is separated into three components (red, green and blue) and then combined back after modulation by the 3 LCoS devices. The light is additionally [[Polarization (waves)|polarized]] by [[beam splitter]]s.

====One-panel designs====
Both Toshiba's and Intel's single-panel LCOS display program were discontinued in 2004 before any units reached final-stage prototype.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hachman|first=Mark|title=Update: Intel Cancels LCOS Chip Plans|url=http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/73648-update-intel-cancels-lcos-chip-plans|work=415.992.5910|date=October 21, 2004 |publisher=Extreme Tech|access-date=June 17, 2011}}</ref> There were single-panel LCoS displays in production: One by [[Philips]] and one by Microdisplay Corporation. [[Forth Dimension Displays]] continues to offer a [[Ferroelectricity|Ferroelectric]] LCoS display technology (known as Time Domain Imaging) available in [[graphic display resolutions#Extended Graphics Array|QXGA]], [[graphic display resolutions#Extended Graphics Array|SXGA]] and [[graphic display resolutions#Extended Graphics Array|WXGA]] resolutions which today is used for high resolution near-eye applications such as Training & Simulation, structured light pattern projection for [[Automated optical inspection|AOI]]. Citizen Finedevice (CFD) also continues to manufacturer single panel RGB displays using FLCoS technology (Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals). They manufacture displays in multiple resolutions and sizes that are currently used in [[Handheld projectors|pico-projectors]], [[electronic viewfinder]]s for high end digital cameras, and [[head-mounted display]]s.<ref>[https://www.miyotadca.com/ Homepage for MDCA a subsidiary of Citizen Finedevice]</ref>

===Pico projectors, near-eye and head-mounted displays===
Whilst initially developed for large-screen projectors, LCoS displays have found a consumer niche in the area of [[Handheld projectors|pico-projectors]], where their small size and low power consumption are well-matched to the constraints of such devices.

LCoS devices are also used in near-eye applications such as [[electronic viewfinder]]s for digital cameras, film cameras, and [[Head-mounted display|head-mounted displays (HMDs)]]. These devices are made using ferroelectric liquid crystals (so the technology is named FLCoS) which are inherently faster than other types of liquid crystals to produce high quality images.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Collings, N.|title=The Applications and Technology of Phase-Only Liquid Crystal on Silicon Devices|doi=10.1109/JDT.2010.2049337|journal=IEEE Journal of Display Technology|volume= 7|issue= 3|pages=112–119|year=2011|bibcode=2011JDisT...7..112C |s2cid=34118772 }}</ref> Google's initial foray into wearable computing, Google glass,<ref>[https://www.google.com/glass/start/ Google glass]. google.com</ref> also uses a near-eye LCoS display.

At [[Consumer Electronics Show|CES]] 2018, Hong Kong Applied Science and Technology Research Institute Company Limited ([[Hong Kong Applied Science and Technology Research Institute|ASTRI]]) and [[OmniVision Technologies|OmniVision]] showcased a [[reference design]] for a wireless augmented reality headset that could achieve 60 degree [[field of view]] (FoV). It combined a single-chip 1080p LCOS display and image sensor from OmniVision with ASTRI's optics and electronics. The headset is said to be smaller and lighter than others because of its single-chip design with integrated driver and memory buffer.<ref>{{Cite web|title=This AR Headset Surpasses the Field of View of HoloLens, but You Still Won't Wear It in Public|url=https://augmented.reality.news/news/ar-headset-surpasses-field-view-hololens-but-you-still-wont-wear-public-0182110/|access-date=2020-06-23|website=Next Reality|date=January 11, 2018 |language=en}}</ref>