Editing Lloyd Shapley (section)

== Contribution ==

Along with the [[Shapley value]], [[stochastic games]], the [[Bondareva–Shapley theorem]] (which implies that [[convex games]] have non-empty cores), the [[Shapley–Shubik power index]] (for [[Weighted voting|weighted]] or block voting power), the [[Gale–Shapley algorithm]] for the [[stable marriage problem]], the concept of a [[potential game]] (with [[Dov Monderer]]), the [[Aumann–Shapley value|Aumann–Shapley]] pricing, the [[John Harsanyi|Harsanyi]]–Shapley solution, the [[Snow–Shapley theorem]] for matrix games, and the [[Shapley–Folkman lemma|Shapley–Folkman lemma & theorem]] bear his name.<ref name=aea/> According to ''[[The Economist]]'', Shapley "may have thought of himself as a mathematician, but he cannot avoid being remembered for his huge contributions to economics".<ref name=econ>{{cite news | url = https://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2016/03/matchmaker-heaven | title = Matchmaker in heaven – Lloyd Shapley, a Nobel laureate in economics, has died | newspaper = [[The Economist]] | access-date = March 13, 2016 | date = March 13, 2016}}</ref>  The [[American Economic Association]] noted that Shapley was "one of the giants of game theory and economic theory".<ref name=aea>{{cite web | url = https://www.aeaweb.org/PDF_files/Bios/Shapley_bio.pdf | access-date = March 13, 2016 | publisher = [[American Economic Association]] | title = Lloyd Shapley | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160316223210/https://www.aeaweb.org/PDF_files/Bios/Shapley_bio.pdf | archive-date = March 16, 2016 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>

Besides, his early work with R. N. Snow and [[Samuel Karlin]] on [[matrix game]]s was so complete that little has been added since. He has been instrumental in the development of [[utility theory]], and it was he who laid much of the groundwork for the solution of the problem of the existence of [[Von Neumann-Morgenstern solution|Von Neumann–Morgenstern stable sets]]. His work with [[Michael Maschler|M. Maschler]] and B. Peleg on the kernel and the nucleolus, and his work with [[Robert Aumann]] on non-atomic games and on long-term competition have all appeared in economic theory.<ref>{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qWyjAQAAQBAJ&q=shapley+%22utility+theory%22&pg=PA385 | title = Economic Thinkers: A Biographical Encyclopedia | page = 385 | last = Diertele | first = David A. | access-date = 2016-03-13| isbn = 9780313397479 | date = 2013-08-08 | publisher = Abc-Clio }}</ref>

Shapley argued with his sons about whether he should accept the Nobel Prize at all.  He opined that his father, the astronomer [[Harlow Shapley]], deserved it more.  His sons persuaded him to accept it and accompanied him to [[Stockholm, Sweden|Stockholm]].<ref>Hagerty, James, Lloyd Shapley: 1923–2016, Wall Street Journal, March 19–20, 2016, p.A7</ref>