Editing Lubliniec (section)

==History==
[[File:Hotel Zamek Lubliniec.jpg|thumb|left|Baroque castle, originally built in the Middle Ages as the residence of the Piast dynasty]]

Lubliniec was established about 1270 by the [[Silesian Piasts|Piast]] duke [[Władysław Opolski|Władysław of Opole]] on the road leading from his residence [[Opole]] to [[Kraków]]. It was part of the [[Duchy of Opole]] within fragmented Piast-ruled [[Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)|Poland]]. According to old folk tradition the name comes from the Polish sentence ''lubi mi się tu kościół i miasto budować'', which refers to the erection of the church and the town by Duke Władysław.<ref>Felix Triest ''Topographisches handbuch von Oberschlesien'', 1865, p. 429 (in German)</ref> In [[Middle Ages|medieval]] Polish documents the town appeared under the names ''Lubie'',<ref name=sgk/> ''[[Lublin]]'' and ''[[Lubin]]'', and then morphed to Lubliniec for distinction, as mentioned by 15th-century Polish chronicler [[Jan Długosz]]. Under the name Lubliniec it was mentioned in a 1612 Polish poem ''Officina ferraria, abo huta y warstat z kuźniami szlachetnego dzieła żelaznego'' by [[Baroque in Poland|Baroque]] poet {{illm|Walenty Roździeński|pl}}. By the turn of the 13th to the 14th century it had obtained the status of a town according to [[Magdeburg rights|Magdeburg Law]] by Władysław's son and successor Duke [[Bolko I of Opole|Bolko I]]. He had been one of the first [[Duchy of Silesia|Silesian]] dukes to become a [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemian]] vassal in 1289, however it remained under the rule of the local branch of the Polish Piast dynasty until 1532. The Piast dukes erected a castle in Lubliniec.<ref name=rmf>{{cite web|url=https://www.rmf.fm/bajeczna-polska/show,639,lubliniec-zamek-lubliniecki.html|title=Lubliniec - Zamek Lubliniecki|website=RMF FM|access-date=5 September 2020|language=pl}}</ref> Duke [[Jan II the Good]] granted the citizens many privileges, including [[brewing]] and [[market town|market rights]] as well as the permit to form [[guild]]s.

Upon Jan's death in 1532, Lubliniec with the [[Duchy of Opole]] fell as a reverted fief to the [[Lands of the Bohemian Crown]], which since 1526 were ruled by the Austrian [[House of Habsburg]]. In 1638 the town was visited by King of Poland [[Władysław IV Vasa]].<ref name=rmf/> In 1645 along with the [[Duchy of Opole and Racibórz]] it returned to Poland under the [[House of Vasa]], and in 1655 the [[Black Madonna of Częstochowa]] was briefly hidden at the local castle by the Poles during the [[Deluge (history)|Swedish invasion of Poland]].<ref name=rmf/> In 1666 the town fell to the [[Habsburg monarchy]] again, until it was annexed with most of Silesia by the [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian]] king [[Frederick the Great]] in 1742.

[[File:Dawny Zakład Wychowawczy im.Grottowskiego w Lublińcu.JPG|thumb|left|Franciszek Grotowski's orphanage, today a primary school]]

The town was an important center of Polish [[Bar Confederation|Bar Confederates]], and in the 1770s it was visited several times by [[Kazimierz Pułaski]], one of the Confederates' military commanders and soon-to-be hero of the [[American Revolutionary War]].<ref>[https://www.muzeumpulaski.pl/images/aktualnosci/aktualnosci2017/konkurs-2-oblicza-Pulaskiego2017/wystawa_o_K_Pułaskim.pdf  ''Kazimierz Pułaski. Bohater Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej i Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki. W 230. rocznicę śmierci./Casimir Pulaski. Hero of Poland and the United States on the 230th anniversary of the Hero’s death'' (in Polish and English)]</ref> In the late 18th century the town was held by the Polish noble Grotowski family.<ref name=sgk/> In 1812 Franciszek Grotowski founded an institute, which purpose was to take care of orphans and provide them with education, and a new orphanage was built in 1848.<ref name=sgk>''Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich'', Tom V, Warszawa, 1884, p. 438 (in Polish)</ref> To this day the facade of the former orphanage is decorated with a relief of the [[Łodzia coat of arms]] of the Grotowski family. The town was a center of [[Resistance movements in partitioned Poland (1795–1918)|Polish resistance]] against [[Germanisation of Poles during the Partitions|Germanisation]] policies. 19th-century Polish publicist, activist and poet {{illm|Józef Lompa|pl}} printed many of his works in the town.<ref name=sgk/> In the 19th century the county's population remained overwhelmingly [[Polish people|Polish]] and [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] by confession.<ref name=sgk/> In 1871 the town became part of [[Germany]]. The first railway reached it by 1884.  The former castle of Lubliniec was converted into a hospital for the poor in 1893, then altered to a [[psychiatric hospital]] in 1895/96.<ref>http://www.lubliniec.pl/english/history-of-the-town {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>

According to the 1910 German census, in the city of Lublinitz 59% of the population reported German as their sole mother tongue while 25% reported Polish, with the remainder reporting as bilingual; in the entire district of Lublinitz including outlying villages, the figures were 15% German-speaking and 79% Polish-speaking.<ref>{{cite book |title=Gemeindelexikon für die Regierungsbezirke Allenstein, Danzig, Marienwerder, Posen, Bromberg und Oppeln |location=Berlin |publisher=Königlich Preußisches Statistisches Landesamt |year=1912 |language=de}}</ref> After [[World War I]], Poland regained independence in 1918, and the region was divided according to the [[Upper Silesia plebiscite]] in 1921, whereby 88% of the Lublinitz citizens voted for continuance in the German [[Weimar Republic]], while 47% of the citizens of the entire county voted to join the reborn Polish state. Nevertheless, after [[Wojciech Korfanty]] had initiated the [[Silesian Uprisings|Third Silesian Uprising]] from the nearby village of [[Czarny Las, Lubliniec County|Czarny Las]], it was incorporated into the [[Silesian Voivodeship (1920–1939)|Silesian Voivodeship]] of the [[Second Polish Republic]] and became a [[border town]]. In the interbellum the Polish [[74th Infantry Regiment (Poland)|74th Infantry Regiment]] was stationed in Lubliniec.

[[File:Pomnik Żołnierzy Wojska Polskiego i Powstańców Śląskich.jpg|thumb|right|Monument to [[Silesian Uprisings|Polish insurgents of 1921]] and Polish soldiers from World War II]]

Again occupied in the 1939 [[invasion of Poland]] by [[Nazi Germany]] during [[World War II]] (and renamed Loben, 1941–45). During the [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|German occupation]], the Polish population was subjected to mass arrests, imprisonment, deportations to [[Nazi concentration camps]] and executions. On September 8, 1939, the ''[[Einsatzgruppen|Einsatzgruppe II]]'' entered the town to commit various [[Nazi crimes against the Polish nation|crimes against Poles]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|year=2009|title=Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]]|page=58}}</ref> 180 civilian defenders were murdered immediately by the invading Germans in September 1939, in accordance with [[Adolf Hitler]]'s orders to execute Polish "partisans" immediately.<ref>Wardzyńska, p. 66</ref> Soon after capturing the city, the Germans took over the local psychiatric hospital, and several hundred children were murdered there during the occupation as part of the ''[[Aktion T4]]''.<ref name=int>{{cite web|url=https://fakty.interia.pl/raporty/raport-zbrodnia-bez-kary/historie/news-kiedy-lekarze-byli-mordercami-elisabeth-hecker-i-dzieci-z-lu,nId,3318575|title=Kiedy lekarze byli mordercami. Elisabeth Hecker i dzieci z Lublińca|website=Interia.pl|author=Olivia Kortas|access-date=5 September 2020|language=pl}}</ref> There were also cases in which the killed children's brains were used for medical research by the Germans in [[Wrocław]], as mentioned by German doctor Elisabeth Hecker, who was in charge of the hospital since 1941.<ref name=int/> The Germans also established and operated a Nazi prison in the town,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=2574|title=NS-Gefängnis Loben|website=Bundesarchiv.de|access-date=3 April 2021|language=de}}</ref> and the E609 [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced labour]] subcamp of the [[Stalag VIII-B|Stalag VIII-B/344]] [[German prisoner-of-war camps in World War II|prisoner-of-war camp]] in the present-day district of Kokotek.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lamsdorf.com/working-parties.html|title=Working Parties|website=Lamsdorf.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029103834/https://www.lamsdorf.com/working-parties.html|access-date=3 April 2021|archive-date=29 October 2020}}</ref> Teachers from Lubliniec were among Polish teachers imprisoned and murdered in concentration camps.<ref>Wardzyńska, p. 138</ref> The area was conquered by the [[Red Army]] in January 1945 in the course of the [[Vistula–Oder Offensive]], and then restored to Poland.

From 1975 to 1998, Lubliniec was administratively located in the [[Częstochowa Voivodeship]].