Editing Machine (section)

==History==
[[File:Flint hand axe.JPG|thumb|upright=0.6|right|A flint [[hand axe]] was found in [[Winchester]].]]
The [[hand axe]], made by chipping flint to form a [[wedge (mechanical device)|wedge]], in the hands of a human transforms force and movement of the tool into a transverse splitting forces and movement of the workpiece. The hand axe is the first example of a [[wedge]], the oldest of the six classic [[simple machine]]s, from which most machines are based. The second oldest simple machine was the [[inclined plane]] (ramp),<ref name="Reuleaux">Karl von Langsdorf (1826) ''Machinenkunde'', quoted in  {{cite book     | last = Reuleaux  | first = Franz   | title = The kinematics of machinery: Outlines of a theory of machines  | publisher = MacMillan  | year = 1876  | pages = [https://archive.org/details/kinematicsmachi01reulgoog/page/n524 604] | url = https://archive.org/details/kinematicsmachi01reulgoog}}</ref> which has been used since [[prehistoric]] times to move heavy objects.<ref name="Conn">Therese McGuire, ''Light on Sacred Stones'', in {{cite book | last = Conn  | first = Marie A.   |author2=Therese Benedict McGuire  | title = Not etched in stone: essays on ritual memory, soul, and society  | publisher = University Press of America  | year = 2007  | pages = 23  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kEPkDyvek3sC&pg=PA23 | isbn = 978-0-7618-3702-2}}</ref><ref name="Dutch">{{cite web  | last = Dutch  | first = Steven  | title = Pre-Greek Accomplishments  | work = Legacy of the Ancient World  | publisher = Prof. Steve Dutch's page, Univ. of Wisconsin at Green Bay  | year = 1999  | url = http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/westtech/xancient.htm  | access-date = March 13, 2012  | archive-date = August 21, 2016  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160821064729/http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/westtech/xancient.htm  | url-status = dead  }}</ref>

The other four simple machines were invented in the [[ancient Near East]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Moorey |first1=Peter Roger Stuart |title=Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence |date=1999 |publisher=[[Eisenbrauns]] |isbn=9781575060422}}</ref> The [[wheel]], along with the [[wheel and axle]] mechanism, was invented in [[Mesopotamia]] (modern Iraq) during the 5th millennium BC.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East|author=D.T. Potts|year=2012|page=285}}</ref> The [[lever]] mechanism first appeared around 5,000 years ago in the [[Near East]], where it was used in a simple [[balance scale]],<ref name="Paipetis">{{cite book |last1=Paipetis |first1=S. A. |last2=Ceccarelli |first2=Marco |title=The Genius of Archimedes -- 23 Centuries of Influence on Mathematics, Science and Engineering: Proceedings of an International Conference held at Syracuse, Italy, June 8-10, 2010 |date=2010 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=9789048190911 |page=416}}</ref> and to move large objects in [[ancient Egyptian technology]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clarke |first1=Somers |last2=Engelbach |first2=Reginald |title=Ancient Egyptian Construction and Architecture |date=1990 |publisher=[[Courier Corporation]] |isbn=9780486264851 |pages=86–90}}</ref> The lever was also used in the [[shadoof]] water-lifting device, the first [[Crane (machine)|crane]] machine, which appeared in Mesopotamia {{circa|3000 BC}},<ref name="Paipetis"/> and then in [[ancient Egyptian technology]] {{circa|2000 BC}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Faiella |first1=Graham |title=The Technology of Mesopotamia |date=2006 |publisher=[[The Rosen Publishing Group]] |isbn=9781404205604 |page=27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bGMyBTS0-v0C&pg=PA27}}</ref> The earliest evidence of [[pulley]]s date back to Mesopotamia in the early 2nd millennium BC,<ref name="Eisenbrauns">{{cite book |last1=Moorey |first1=Peter Roger Stuart |title=Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence |date=1999 |publisher=[[Eisenbrauns]] |isbn=9781575060422 |page=4}}</ref> and [[ancient Egypt]] during the [[Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt|Twelfth Dynasty]] (1991–1802 BC).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Arnold |first1=Dieter |title=Building in Egypt: Pharaonic Stone Masonry |date=1991 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195113747 |page=71}}</ref> The [[Screw (simple machine)|screw]], the last of the simple machines to be invented,<ref name="Woods">{{cite book   | last =  Woods| first = Michael 
|author2=Mary B. Woods| title = Ancient Machines: From Wedges to Waterwheels| publisher = Twenty-First Century Books| year = 2000| location = USA| pages = 58| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=E1tzW_aDnxsC&pg=PA58| isbn = 0-8225-2994-7}}</ref> first appeared in [[Mesopotamia]] during the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire|Neo-Assyrian]] period (911–609) BC.<ref name="Eisenbrauns"/> The [[Egyptian pyramids]] were built using three of the six simple machines, the inclined plane, the wedge, and the lever.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ancient Machines: From Grunts to Graffiti|last=Wood|first=Michael|publisher=Runestone Press|year=2000|isbn=0-8225-2996-3|location=Minneapolis, MN|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ancientcommunica00wood/page/35 35, 36]|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientcommunica00wood/page/35}}</ref>

Three of the simple machines were studied and described by Greek philosopher [[Archimedes]] around the 3rd century BC: the lever, pulley and screw.<ref name="Asimov1988"/><ref name="Chiu">{{Citation
 |last        = Chiu
 |first       = Y. C.
 |title       = An introduction to the History of Project Management
 |publisher   = Eburon Academic Publishers
 |year        = 2010
 |location    = Delft
 |pages       = 42
 |url         = https://books.google.com/books?id=osNrPO3ivZoC&pg=PA42
 |isbn        = 978-90-5972-437-2
 |url-status     = live
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20160818202910/https://books.google.com/books?id=osNrPO3ivZoC&pg=PA42
 |archive-date = 2016-08-18
}}</ref>  Archimedes discovered the principle of [[mechanical advantage]] in the lever.<ref>{{cite book |last = Ostdiek |first       = Vern |author2 = Bord, Donald |title = Inquiry into Physics |year = 2005 |publisher = Thompson Brooks/Cole |isbn = 978-0-534-49168-0 |url         = https://books.google.com/books?id=7kz2pd14hPUC&pg=PA123 |access-date  = 2008-05-22 |page = 123|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130528052651/http://books.google.com/books?id=7kz2pd14hPUC&pg=PA123|archive-date = 2013-05-28
}}</ref>  Later Greek philosophers defined the classic five simple machines (excluding the inclined plane) and were able to roughly calculate their mechanical advantage.<ref name="Usher"/>  [[Hero of Alexandria]] ({{circa|10}}–75 AD) in his work ''Mechanics'' lists five mechanisms that can "set a load in motion"; lever, [[windlass]], pulley, wedge, and screw,<ref name="Chiu" /> and describes their fabrication and uses.<ref>{{cite conference
 |first       = Viktor
 |last        = Strizhak
 |author2     = Igor Penkov
 |author3     = Toivo Pappel
 |title       = Evolution of design, use, and strength calculations of screw threads and threaded joints
 |book-title   = HMM2004 International Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms
 |publisher   = Kluwer Academic publishers
 |year        = 2004
 |url         = https://books.google.com/books?id=FqZvlMnjqY0C&q=%22archimedean+simple+machine%22
 |isbn        = 1-4020-2203-4
 |access-date  = 2008-05-21
 |page        = 245
 |url-status     = live
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20130607095045/http://books.google.com/books?id=FqZvlMnjqY0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22archimedean+simple+machine%22&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0
 |archive-date = 2013-06-07
}}</ref>  However, the Greeks' understanding was limited to [[statics]] (the balance of forces) and did not include [[Dynamics (mechanics)|dynamics]] (the tradeoff between force and distance) or the concept of [[Work (physics)|work]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}

[[File:Agricola Stamp ore crusher.png|thumb|This ore crushing machine is powered by a water wheel.]]
The earliest practical [[wind-power]]ed machines, the [[windmill]] and [[wind pump]], first appeared in the [[Muslim world]] during the [[Islamic Golden Age]], in what are now Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, by the 9th century AD.<ref>[[Ahmad Y Hassan]], [[Donald Routledge Hill]] (1986). ''Islamic Technology: An illustrated history'', p. 54. [[Cambridge University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-521-42239-6}}.</ref><ref>{{citation |first=Adam |last=Lucas |year=2006 |title=Wind, Water, Work: Ancient and Medieval Milling Technology |publisher=Brill Publishers |isbn=90-04-14649-0 |page=65}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Eldridge|first1=Frank|title=Wind Machines|date=1980|publisher=Litton Educational Publishing, Inc.|location=New York|isbn=0-442-26134-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/windmachines00fran/page/15 15]|edition=2nd|url=https://archive.org/details/windmachines00fran/page/15}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Shepherd|first1=William|title=Electricity Generation Using Wind Power|date=2011|publisher=World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.|location=Singapore|isbn=978-981-4304-13-9|page=4|edition=1}}</ref> The earliest practical [[steam-power]]ed machine was a [[steam jack]] driven by a [[steam turbine]], described in 1551 by [[Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf]] in [[Ottoman Egypt]].<ref>[http://www.history-science-technology.com/Notes/Notes%201.htm Taqi al-Din and the First Steam Turbine, 1551 A.D.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218171045/http://www.history-science-technology.com/Notes/Notes%201.htm |date=2008-02-18 }}, web page, accessed on line 23 October 2009; this web page refers to [[Ahmad Y Hassan]] (1976), ''Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering'', pp. 34–5, Institute for the History of Arabic Science, [[University of Aleppo]].</ref><ref>[[Ahmad Y. Hassan]] (1976), ''Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering'', p. 34–35, Institute for the History of Arabic Science, [[University of Aleppo]]</ref>

The [[cotton gin]] was invented in India by the 6th century AD,<ref>{{cite book|ref=Lakwete|author=Lakwete, Angela|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uOMaGVnPfBcC |title=Inventing the Cotton Gin: Machine and Myth in Antebellum America|place= Baltimore|publisher= The Johns Hopkins University Press|year= 2003|isbn=9780801873942|pages=1–6}}</ref> and the [[spinning wheel]] was invented in the [[Islamic world]] by the early 11th century,<ref name="Pacey">{{cite book | last = Pacey | first = Arnold | title = Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-Year History | orig-year = 1990 | edition = First MIT Press paperback | year = 1991 | publisher = The MIT Press | location = Cambridge MA | pages = 23–24}}</ref> both of which were fundamental to the growth of the [[cotton industry]]. The spinning wheel was also a precursor to the [[spinning jenny]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Žmolek |first1=Michael Andrew |title=Rethinking the Industrial Revolution: Five Centuries of Transition from Agrarian to Industrial Capitalism in England |date=2013 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004251793 |page=328 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-RKaAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA328 |quote=The spinning jenny was basically an adaptation of its precursor the spinning wheel}}</ref>

The earliest [[Program (machine)|programmable machines]] were developed in the Muslim world. A [[music sequencer]], a programmable [[musical instrument]], was the earliest type of programmable machine. The first music sequencer was an automated [[flute]] player invented by the [[Banu Musa]] brothers, described in their ''[[Book of Ingenious Devices]]'', in the 9th century.<ref name=Koetsier>{{Citation |last1=Koetsier |first1=Teun  |year=2001 |title=On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators |journal=Mechanism and Machine Theory |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=589–603 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2 |postscript=.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kapur |first1=Ajay |last2=Carnegie |first2=Dale |last3=Murphy |first3=Jim |last4=Long |first4=Jason |title=Loudspeakers Optional: A history of non-loudspeaker-based electroacoustic music |journal=[[Organised Sound]] |date=2017 |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=195–205 |doi=10.1017/S1355771817000103 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |issn=1355-7718|doi-access=free }}</ref> In 1206, Al-Jazari invented programmable [[automata]]/[[robot]]s. He described four [[automaton]] musicians, including drummers operated by a programmable [[drum machine]], where they could be made to play different rhythms and different drum patterns.<ref name=Sharkey>Professor Noel Sharkey, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070629182810/http://www.shef.ac.uk/marcoms/eview/articles58/robot.html A 13th Century Programmable Robot (Archive)], [[University of Sheffield]].</ref>

During the [[Renaissance]], the dynamics of the ''Mechanical Powers'', as the simple machines were called, began to be studied from the standpoint of how much useful work they could perform, leading eventually to the new concept of mechanical [[work (physics)|work]]. In 1586 Flemish engineer [[Simon Stevin]] derived the mechanical advantage of the inclined plane, and it was included with the other simple machines. The complete dynamic theory of simple machines was worked out by Italian scientist [[Galileo Galilei]] in 1600 in ''Le Meccaniche'' ("On Mechanics").<ref name="Krebs">{{cite book
 |last        = Krebs
 |first       = Robert E.
 |title       = Groundbreaking Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the Middle Ages
 |year        = 2004
 |publisher   = Greenwood Publishing Group
 |isbn        = 978-0-313-32433-8
 |url         = https://books.google.com/books?id=MTXdplfiz-cC&q=%22mechanics+Galileo+analyzed%22&pg=PA163
 |access-date  = 2008-05-21
 |page        = 163
 |url-status     = live
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20130528045000/http://books.google.com/books?id=MTXdplfiz-cC&pg=PA163&dq=%22mechanics+Galileo+analyzed%22#v=onepage&q=%22mechanics%20Galileo%20analyzed%22&f=false
 |archive-date = 2013-05-28
}}</ref><ref name="Stephen">{{cite book
 |last        = Stephen
 |first       = Donald
 |author2     = Lowell Cardwell
 |title       = Wheels, clocks, and rockets: a history of technology
 |publisher   = W. W. Norton & Company
 |year        = 2001
 |location    = USA
 |pages       = 85–87
 |url         = https://books.google.com/books?id=BSfpFLV1nkAC&q=%22simple+machine%22+galileo&pg=PA86
 |isbn        = 978-0-393-32175-3
 |url-status     = live
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20160818204648/https://books.google.com/books?id=BSfpFLV1nkAC&pg=PA86&dq=%22simple+machine%22+galileo#v=onepage&q=%22simple%20machine%22%20galileo&f=false
 |archive-date = 2016-08-18
}}</ref> He was the first to understand that simple machines do not create [[energy]], they merely transform it.<ref name="Krebs" />

The classic rules of sliding [[friction]] in machines were discovered by [[Leonardo da Vinci]] (1452–1519), but remained unpublished in his notebooks. They were rediscovered by [[Guillaume Amontons]] (1699) and were further developed by [[Charles-Augustin de Coulomb]] (1785).<ref>{{cite book
 |last        = Armstrong-Hélouvry
 |first       = Brian
 |title       = Control of machines with friction
 |publisher   = Springer
 |year        = 1991
 |location    = USA
 |pages       = 10
 |url         = https://books.google.com/books?id=0zk_zI3xACgC&pg=PA10
 |isbn        = 978-0-7923-9133-3
 |url-status     = live
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20160818141554/https://books.google.com/books?id=0zk_zI3xACgC&pg=PA10
 |archive-date = 2016-08-18
}}</ref>

[[James Watt]] patented his [[parallel motion]] linkage in 1782, which made the double acting steam engine practical.<ref>Pennock, G. R., James Watt (1736-1819), ''Distinguished Figures in Mechanism and Machine Science,'' ed. M. Ceccarelli, Springer, 2007, {{ISBN|978-1-4020-6365-7}} (Print) 978-1-4020-6366-4 (Online).</ref> The [[Boulton and Watt]] steam engine and later designs powered [[steam locomotive]]s, [[marine steam engine|steam ships]], and [[steam power|factories]].

[[File:Bonsack machine.png|thumb|alt=Bonsack's machine|James Albert Bonsack's cigarette rolling machine was invented in 1880 and patented in 1881.]]
The [[Industrial Revolution]] was a period from 1750 to 1850 where changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the social, economic and cultural conditions of the times. It began in the [[United Kingdom]], then subsequently spread throughout [[Western Europe]], [[North America]], [[Japan]], and eventually the rest of the world.

Starting in the later part of the 18th century, there began a transition in parts of [[Great Britain]]'s previously manual labour and draft-animal-based economy towards machine-based manufacturing. It started with the mechanisation of the textile industries, the development of [[iron-making]] techniques and the increased use of [[coke (fuel)|refined coal]].<ref name="World History: Patterns of Interaction"/>