Editing Malay language (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of the Malay language}}
[[File:Srivijayan Expansion.gif|thumb|250px|Map of the expansion of the [[Srivijaya]] empire, beginning in [[Palembang]] in the 7th century, then extending to most of [[Sumatra]], then expanding to [[Bangka Belitung Islands|Bangka Belitung]], [[Riau Islands]], [[Malay Peninsula]], [[Singapore]],[[Java]], [[Thailand]], [[Cambodia]], South [[Vietnam]], [[Sarawak]], [[Brunei]], [[Sabah]], [[West Kalimantan]], and ended as the [[Melayu Kingdom]] in [[Jambi]] in the 13th century.]]

The history of the Malay language can be divided into five periods: Old Malay, the Transitional Period, Classical Malay, Late Modern Malay and Modern Malay. Old Malay is believed to be the actual ancestor of Classical Malay.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wurm |first1=Stephen |author-link1=Stephen Wurm |last2=Mühlhäusler |first2=Peter |author-link2=Peter Mühlhäusler |last3=Tryon |first3=Darrell T. |author-link3=Darrell T. Tryon |title=Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas: Vol I: Maps. Vol II: Texts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lFW1BwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PR19 |year=1996 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-081972-4 |page=677}}</ref>

Old Malay was influenced by [[Sanskrit]], the ancient [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] of [[South Asia]]. Sanskrit loan words can be found in Old Malay vocabulary. The earliest known stone inscription in the Old Malay language was found on the island of [[Sumatra]]. Written in the [[Pallava alphabet|Pallava variety]] of the [[Grantha alphabet]],<ref>{{cite web |date=15 September 2007 |title=Bahasa Melayu Kuno |url=http://www.bahasa-malaysia-simple-fun.com/bahasa-melayu-kuno.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226183127/http://www.bahasa-malaysia-simple-fun.com/bahasa-melayu-kuno.html |archive-date=26 December 2010 |access-date=22 December 2010 |publisher=Bahasa-malaysia-simple-fun.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref> it is dated 1 May 683. Known as the [[Kedukan Bukit inscription]], it was discovered by the [[Dutch people|Dutchman]] C. J. Batenburg on 29 November 1920 at Kedukan Bukit, on the banks of the Tatang River, a tributary of the [[Musi River (Indonesia)|Musi River]], near [[Palembang]], in what is now [[South Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]]. The stone measures approximately {{convert|45 by 80|cm}}. For centuries, [[Srivijaya]], a maritime empire based on the island from the 7th to the 11th centuries, was responsible for the spread of Old Malay throughout the [[Malay Peninsula]] and the [[Malay Archipelago]] through its expansion and economic power. Old Malay served as the [[lingua franca]] of traders and was widely used in various ports and marketplaces across the region.<ref>[http://sea.lib.niu.edu/lang/malay.html Southeast Asia Digital Library: About Malay] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20070616131617/http://sea.lib.niu.edu/lang/malay.html|date=16 June 2007}}</ref>

Another evidence{{clarify|date=May 2025|reason=Another evidence of what?|pre-text=Evidence of what?}} is the Tanjung Tanah Law in post-Pallava letters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpnbkepri/undang-undang-tanjung-tanah-naskah-melayu-tertua-di-dunia/|title=Undang-Undang Tanjung Tanah: Naskah Melayu Tertua di Dunia|last=Surakhman|first=M. Ali|date=23 October 2017|website=kemdikbud.go.id|language=id}}</ref> This 14th-century pre-Islamic legal text was produced during the reign of [[Adityawarman]] (1345–1377) of the [[Melayu Kingdom]] (also known as Malayu or Dharmasraya Kingdom), a Hindu-Buddhist kingdom that arose after the end of [[Srivijaya]]n rule in [[Sumatra]]. The laws were for the [[Minangkabau people]], who today still live in the highlands of Sumatra, [[Indonesia]].

The [[Terengganu Inscription Stone]] (Malay: {{Lang|ms|Batu Bersurat Terengganu}}; Jawi: {{lang|ms-Arab|باتو برسورت ترڠݢانو}}) is a granite stele bearing an inscription in [[Jawi script]], discovered in [[Terengganu]], on the east coast of the [[Malay Peninsula]] (in what is now [[Malaysia]]). It is considered the earliest evidence of Classical Malay. Dated approximately to 702 [[Anno Hegirae|AH]] (1303 [[Common Era|CE]]), it represents the oldest known evidence of Jawi writing in the [[Malay world]] and stands as one of the earliest testimonies to the advent of [[Islam]] as a [[state religion]] in the region. The inscription contains a proclamation issued by a ruler of Terengganu, referred to as ''Seri Paduka Tuan'', urging his subjects to uphold and propagate Islam, while outlining 10 basic [[Sharia|Sharia laws]] as guidance.

Classical Malay came into widespread use as the [[lingua franca]] of the region during the [[Malacca Sultanate]] era (1402–1511), a powerful maritime kingdom strategically located along the [[Strait of Malacca]] that became a hub of international trade and Islamic learning in the region. During this period, the Malay language developed rapidly under the influence of [[Islamic literature]], which brought about significant linguistic changes, including a massive infusion of [[Arabic]] vocabulary, as well as continued influence from [[Sanskrit]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. This enriched form of the language came to be known as Classical Malay. It was during this time the language evolved into a form recognisable to speakers of modern Malay.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

After the [[Capture of Malacca (1511)|Capture of Malacca]] by the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] in 1511, marking the fall of the [[Malacca Sultanate]], the [[royal court]] re-established itself as the [[Johor Sultanate]]. The court continued to use Classical Malay as its literary and administrative language. Over time, this literary tradition became strongly associated with the territories under the sultanate, including the present-day [[Malaysia|Malaysian]] state of [[Johor]] and the [[Indonesia|Indonesian]] province of [[Riau Islands]]. As a result, many assumed that the spoken Malay of Johor and Riau was closely related to Classical Malay. However, while the [[literary language]] used in the region reflects the classical tradition, the local spoken dialects differ.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sneddon |first=James N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9UjLYD9jVEC&pg=PA70 |title=The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society |publisher=UNSW Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-86840-598-8 |page=70}}</ref> The fall of Malacca led to the dispersal of Malay literary centres, as many literati and scholars sought refuge in areas outside the immediate control of European colonial powers. As a result, new Malay literary works began to emerge from [[Aceh Sultanate|Aceh]], [[Java]], [[Sultanate of Gowa|Makassar]], the [[Maluku Islands|Moluccas]], [[Champa]], and other regions.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Adelaar |first=K. Alexander |date=1999 |title=Malay: A short history |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S025754340000095X/type/journal_article |journal=South Pacific Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=14–24 |doi=10.1017/S025754340000095X |issn=0257-5434|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Among the oldest surviving letters written in Malay are the letters from Sultan Abu Hayat of [[Sultanate of Ternate|Ternate]], in the [[Maluku Islands]] of present-day [[Indonesia]], dated around 1521–1522. The text is addressed to the king of [[Portuguese Empire|Portugal]], following contact with Portuguese explorer [[Francisco Serrão]].<ref name="sneddon" /> The letters show a sign of non-native usage, as the Ternateans used (and still use) the unrelated [[Ternate language]], a [[West Papuan languages|West Papuan language]], as their [[first language]]. Malay was used solely as a [[lingua franca]] for inter-ethnic communications.<ref name="sneddon">{{cite book|last=Sneddon|first=James N.|title=The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9UjLYD9jVEC&pg=PA62|year=2003|publisher=UNSW Press|isbn=978-0-86840-598-8|page=62}}</ref>

The 19th century marked a period of strong [[Western world|Western]] political and commercial domination in the [[Malay Peninsula]] and the [[Malay Archipelago]]. The colonial demarcation brought by the [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824|1824 Anglo-Dutch Treaty]] led to [[Dutch East India Company]] effectively colonising the [[Dutch East Indies|East Indies]] in the south, while the [[British Empire]] held several colonies and protectorates in the [[British Malaya|Malay peninsula]] and [[British Borneo|Borneo]] in the north. Both colonial powers used the Malay language as a tool of centralisation and modernisation. They made use of each other's scholarly publications in developing the standardised versions of the Malay language.<ref name=":2" /> The flourishing of pre-modern Malay literature in the 19th century led to the rise of intellectual movements among the locals and the emergence of new communities of Malay [[Linguistics|linguists]].