Editing Mandrill (section)

==Taxonomy==
The mandrill was first scientifically depicted in ''[[Historia animalium (Gessner book)|Historia animalium]]'' (1551–1558) by [[Conrad Gessner]], who considered it a kind of [[hyena]].{{sfn|Dixson|2015|p=3}} The species was formally classified by [[Carl Linnaeus]] as ''Simia sphinx'' in 1758. Its current generic name ''[[Mandrillus]]'' was coined by [[Ferdinand August Maria Franz von Ritgen|Ferdinand Ritgen]] in 1824.<ref>{{cite book|author=Groves, Colin P.|contribution=Primates; Simiiformes; Catarrhini; Cercopithecoidea; Cercopithecidae; Cercopithecinae|title=Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Volume 1|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|year=1982|page=162|editor1=Wilson, Don E.|editor2=Reeder, DeeAnn M.|isbn=0-8018-8221-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&dq=simia+sphinx+linnaeus&pg=PA165}}</ref>

Historically, some scientists placed the mandrill and the closely related [[Drill (animal)|drill]] (''M. leucophaeus'') in the baboon genus ''[[Papio]]''. [[Morphology (biology)|Morphological]] and [[Genetic analysis|genetic studies]] in the late 20th and early 21st centuries found a closer relationship to [[white-eyelid mangabey]]s of the genus ''Cercocebus''. Some have even proposed that the mandrill and drill belong to ''Cercocebus''.{{sfn|Dixson|2015|pp=6–7}} Two genetic studies in 2011 clarified ''Mandrillus'' and ''Cercocebus'' as separate [[Sister group|sister lineages]].<ref name=molecular>{{cite journal|author1=Perelman, P.|author2=Johnson, W. E.|author3=Roos, C.|author4=Seuánez, H. N.|author5=Horvath, J. E.|display-authors=etal|year=2011|title=A molecular phylogeny of living primates|journal=PLOS Genetics|volume=7|issue=3|page=e1001342|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1001342|pmid=21436896|pmc=3060065 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=mitogenome>{{cite journal|author1=Finstermeier, K.|author2=Zinner, D.|author3=Brameier, M.|author4=Meyer, M.|author5=Kreuz, E.|display-authors=etal|year=2011|title=A mitogenomic phylogeny of living primates|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=7|page=e69504|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0069504|pmid=23874967|pmc=3713065|doi-access=free}}</ref> The two genera [[Split (phylogenetics)|split]] around 4.5 million years ago (mya) while the mandrill and drill split approximately 3.17 mya. Fossils of ''Mandrillus'' have not been found.{{sfn|Dixson|2015|pp=13–15, 133}}

{{clade gallery |width=225px  |height=200px
|main-caption = Phylogeny of ''Mandrillus'' among related genera
|header1=Based on 54 genes<ref name=molecular/>
|header2=Based on [[mitochondrial DNA]]<ref name=mitogenome/>
|cladogram1=
{{clade
|label1=[[Papionini]]
|1={{clade
   |1=''[[Macaca]]''
   |2={{clade
      |1={{clade
         |1=''[[Mandrillus]]''
         |2=''[[Cercocebus]]''
         }}
      |2={{clade
         |1=''[[Theropithecus]]''
         |2={{clade
            |1=''[[Papio]]''
            |2=''[[Lophocebus]]''
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}
|cladogram2=
{{clade
|label1=[[Papionini]]
|1={{clade
   |1={{clade
      |1=''[[Macaca]]''
      |2={{clade
         |1=''[[Mandrillus]]''
         |2=''[[Cercocebus]]''
         }}
      }}
   |2={{clade
      |1=''[[Lophocebus]]''       
      |2={{clade
         |1=''[[Theropithecus]]''
         |2=''[[Papio]]''
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

}}

Some authorities have divided mandrill populations into [[subspecies]]: the northern mandrill (''M. s. sphinx'') and the southern mandrill (''M. s. madarogaster''). A proposed third subspecies, ''M. s. insularis'', was based on the mistaken belief that mandrills are present on [[Bioko Island]].{{sfn|Dixson|2015|p=10}}<ref>{{cite journal|author=Grubb, P.|year=2006|title=English Common Names for Subspecies and Species of African Primates|journal=Primate Conservation|volume=20|pages=65–73|doi=10.1896/0898-6207.20.1.65|s2cid=86461982|doi-access=free}}</ref> The consensus is that mandrills belong to one subspecies (''M. s. sphinx'').{{sfn|Dixson|2015|p=11}}

[[Cytochrome-b]] sequences suggest that mandrill populations north and south of the [[Ogooué River]] split 800,000 years ago and belong to distinct [[haplogroup]]s. This divergence appears to have also led to the splitting of the mandrill strain of the [[simian immunodeficiency virus]] (SIV).<ref name=Telfer>{{cite journal|author1=Telfer, P. T.|author2=Souquière, S.|author3=Clifford, S. L.|display-authors=etal|year=2003|title=Molecular evidence for deep phylogenetic divergence in ''Mandrillus sphinx''|journal=Molecular Ecology|volume=12|issue=7|pages=2019–2024|doi=10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01877.x|pmid=12803651|bibcode=2003MolEc..12.2019T |s2cid=11511844}}</ref> The draft (incomplete) [[genome]] of the mandrill was published in 2020, with a reported [[genome size]] of 2.90 [[Base pair#Length measurements|giga–base-pairs]] and high levels of [[heterozygosity]].<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Yin, Y.|author2=Yang, T.|author3=Liu, H.|display-authors=etal|year=2020|title=The draft genome of mandrill (''Mandrillus sphinx''): An Old World monkey|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=2431|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-59110-3|pmid=32051450|pmc=7016171|bibcode=2020NatSR..10.2431Y}}</ref>